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 71% of the earth is covered with water

- only 0.014% is available fresh water
- needed for all life on the planet.
- water sculpts the earth
- moderates climate and dilutes pollutants
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 exists as a liquid over a wide ranges of

temperatures.
- can store large amounts of heat.
- can dissolve a variety of compounds.
- water can break down into H+ and OH-.
- strong attractive forces between
molecules cause high surface tension
and high wetting ability.
- unlike most liquids, water expands when
it freezes.
   




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* aater carries Nutrients
* Provides Habitat
* Flood Plains provide most
productive farmland
* Hydrological cycle recycles water
to provide fresh water

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Fresh water is a renewable
resource, yet the world·s supply
of clean, fresh water is steadily
decreasing. aater demand
already exceeds supply in many
parts of the world and as the
world population continues
to rise, so too does the water
demand.


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1. AGRICULTURE: 69% of worldwide

water use is for irrigation, with 15-35% o
irrigation withdrawals being unsustainable
They are of two types:
(a) less efficient- less expensive
- Disadvantages
(i) water evaporates
(ii)runs off or drains
below the root zone.
(b) more efficient- more expensive
- advantages
(i) greater potential to
minimize the run off,
drainage and evaporation.
m.INDUSTRIAL: mm% worldwide water
use is industrial. Major industrial users
include:
(i) Power Plants which use water for
cooling.
(ii) Ore and Oil refineries which use
water in chemical process.
(iii) Manufacturing plants which use water
as a solvent.
3. HOUSEHOLD: 8% of worldwide water
use is for household purposes.
These include drinking water, bathing,
cooking, sanitation and gardening.

4. RECREATIONAL: Recreational water

use is usually a very small but growing
percentage of total water use.
Recreational water use is mostly tied to
reservoirs. Release of water from a few
reservoirs is also timed to enhance
boating, water skeins, nature and
enthusiasts and swimmer.
M ENVIRONMETAL ACTIVITIES:
Environmental water use is also very small
but growing percentage of total water use.
Environmental water usage includes
artificial lakes intended to create wildlife
habitat, fish ladders, and water releases
from reservoirs timed to help fish spawn.
 
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1. SURFACE aATER: Surface water is

water in a river, lake or fresh water
wetland.
m.GROUND aATER: Ground water, is
fresh water located in the pore space of
soil and rocks. Its also water that is
flowing within aquifers below the water
table. The natural input is seepage from
surface water the natural output is
springs and seepage to the oceans.
3. DESALINATION: It is an artificial
process by which saline water is converted
to fresh water. The most common
desalination process are distillation and
reverse osmosis.

4. FROZEN aATER: Several schemes

have been proposed to make use of
iceberg as a water sources. Glaciers
runoff is considered to be surface water.
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It applies to the situation where there is

not enough water for all uses, whether
agricultural, industrial or domestic. Below
1000 cubic meters, water scarcity begins
to hamper economic development and
human health and well being.
REASONS FOR aATER CRISIS

1. POPULATION GROaTH: aater

demand will increase unless there are
corresponding increases in water
conservation and recycling of this vital
resource.
m.EXPANSION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY:
Business activity ranging from
industrialization to services such as
tourism and entertainment continues to
expand rapidly. This expansion requires
increased water services including both
supply and sanitation, which can lead to
more pressure on water resources and
natural ecosystem.
3.RAPID URBANISATION: The trend
towards urbanization is accelerating.
Urbanization requires significant
investment in water infrastructure in
order to deliver water to individuals.
4. CLIMATE CHANGE: Climate change
could have significant impacts on water
resources around the world because of
the close connections between the climate
and hydrological cycle.
5.DEPUTATION OF AQUIFERS:D ue to the
expanding human population, competition for
water is growing such that many of the worlds
major aquifers are becoming depleted. This is
due to both for direct human consumption as well
as agricultural irrigation by ground water.

6.POPULATION AND aATER PROTECTION:

water pollution is one of the main concern of the
world today. Many pollutants threatens water
supplies, sewage, sludge, garbage, chemical
wastes and even toxic pollutants are all dumped
into water.

 




 
  
 
 

 
Result of survey of 114 reservoirs
indicates:
‡ More than m5% reduction in useful
capacity in 47 reservoirs
‡ In some cases, reduction in storage
capacity > 50%
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‡Concentration of dark &

overexploited blocks in Rajasthan,
Punjab, Tamilnadu, Haryana &
Gujarat
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Reverie Length (km)

High Pollution 6086

Moderate Pollution 8691

Relatively clean 30m4m

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‡Efficiency of irrigation system
relatively very low
‡Present level of efficiency
-surface water: 35-40%
-- ground water: 65-70%
‡ Scope for further improvement
-surface water: 60%
-- Ground water: 75%
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oTo go for rain water harvesting
oTo introduce micro irrigation with
fertigation in a larger scale
oTo introduce high tech farming with
post harvest techniques
oTo ensure protection of farm
produce till it reaches the consumers.
oR

 
  
  
oThis has to be reduced by adopting conveyance
efficient techniques.
oLike Micro irrigation, Pressure irrigation and
flow irrigation using pipes
oIncrease the storage condition of aquifer by
providing farm ponds and rejuvenation of wells
etc
oUsing cropping practices, tilling practices, to
reduce water consumption
oIncreasing the yield per ha by using less water.
  

 
 
O Low application rate
O Uniformity of application
rate
O Precision placement of water
O efficient fertilizer and che-
mical application
O Better control of root zone
environment
O Crop yield enhancement
O quality improvement of produce
O improved disease control
O discouraged weed growth
O effective saving of irrigation water
O lesser use of power
O reduce labour cost
O suitable for difficult land terrain
O ideal for marginal lands
O Maintains soil health
OSuitable for inferior quality water
 
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OIncreases ground water potential
Oaater available for pumping for more number of days
OImproves the aquifers of near by wells also
OThe works are:

- Raising the bund height across the slope

- Provide farm pit / check dam to store water near well
- Allow surface run off to enter the well through field
channel to enter the well from the filter pit
-Renovation of side walls if they are badly damaged
-Boring in wells horizontal or vertical holes to tap the water from the
weathered zone to improve the water level , this ensures less pumping
hours and thus reduction in consumption in electricity
-m00 wells are suggested at Rs. 40 lakhs @ Rs. m0,000 / well
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* The first known dams were constructed

about eight thousand yrs ago in
Mesopotamia .
* Dams built in Jordan and Egypt 1100 BC
* Dujiang irrigation project in China 300 BC
² 800,000 hectares
* Large dams in the world (>15m high )
-- In 1949 some 5000 existed
-- By m000 , there were 45,000




 

* Irrigation
* Electrical Energy
* Municipal aater Supply
* Supplement Navigation
* Flood Control
* Recreation
  
 
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* Frequently
Contains Many
Toxic Materials .
  
 

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* General Purpose
* aater Supply
* Energy
Generation
* Large Area
Inundated
* Change In Fish
  
 
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* Flood Control

* Great
Environmental
Change Accepted
as Positive

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OInundated Lands.
ODisplaced People.
OChanges in River Regime.
OChanges of Habitat.
ODam Safety Concerns.
OPredicted Benefits not
Achievedº