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J ean
2 edian
3 ode
J ean
2 Arithmetic average of all observations
2 If observations are; xJ, x2, x3, x4, xn
2 ormula for mean ( x ) = J n x [xJ x2 x3 x4 xn]
2 It is most useful measure in summarization of continuous data
2 edian
2 The middle value when the data are arranged (arrayed) from the
lowest to the highest
2 50% < median > 50%
2 The median of an even number of observations is taken arbitrarily
as the average of the two middle values
* e g [J5, 8, J3, 8] = [8, 8, J3, J5] = median = (8 J3)2 = J0 5
2 or a series of odd numbers, median is the middle value
* e g [J5, 8, J, J3, 8] = [8, 8, J3, J5, J] = median = J3
2 or group data;
( n2 ± fe ) i
edian = L0
fc
n = total numbers
L0 = lower limit of median class
edian class = the class in which (n2) lies
fe = summation of frequencies in the classes lower than
the median class
fc = frequency of median class
i = class interval of the median class
2 ses of median
* for any characteristic which has many more extreme
values on one side of the arithmetic mean than the other
* such distribution is called ³skewed distribution´
* example: per family income of a country
* median can avoid the effect of skewed distribution
where mean can¶t
3 ode
2 The most frequent value
2 The point of maximum concentration
2 The peak in the histogram or frequency polygon
2 Can be used for categorical data (nominal, ordinal
scales)
c
2 any different sets of data could have the same
measurement on central tendency and still be
very different
* e g Set (A) = [2, , J0, J0, J4, J8]
Set (B) = [4, 8, J0, J0, J2, J]
* both (A) and (B) = , , = J0
* previous example:
' n = 5 (both A & B)
' (s)2 of (A) =J0 = 32
5
' (s)2 of (B) = 80 = J
5
' Standard deviation (s) is obtained by taking square root
of variance (s)2
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