An Overview

Abhi Maheshwa
VII Sem
ECE
JIET Jodhpur
 Founded in 2009
 A Joint Venture between Unitech Group
[India] and Telenor [ Norway ]
 Telenor , the sixth largest mobile operator
in the world, holds a 67.25 % majority
stake in Uninor .
Scope of Training
 Basics of Communication

 GSM Technology and

Architecture

 Mobile Number Portability ,

implementation and testing
 GSM stands for
Global System for Mobile
Communications
 GSM : Some facts
 GSM evolved because of the need for a
standard mobile telephone system that could
be deployed across Europe

 It uses the Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

[ GMSK ] technique for modulation

 In India , cellular services started around 1995

 GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or

1800 MHz bands
 Why GSM ?
 Dominant global market share

 Large number of infrastructure and

handset vendor’s giving advantage in
terms of price and other commercial terms

 Wide choice of handsets

 Seamless interoperability between

networks and handsets

 Global footprint for international roaming

including SMS, data and other value
added services
 GSM ARCHITECTURE
VLR HLR
GMSC
PSTN
AUC
MSC

Network Switching EIR

System

ME BSC BTS

BTS BTS
BSS
Mobile Station
GSM ARCHITECTURE
SIMPLIFIED VIEW
PSTN MSC

BSC BSC

BTS BTS
 Mobile Station (MS)
Mobil
e
Statio
Subscriber
Identity Module n
[ SIM ]
Mobile
●
Mobile station providesEquipment
user access to GSM network for Voice &
Data
●
Subscriber data is read from a SIM card that plugs into MS
●
Each MS has a unique number called as IMEI number,
●
Mobile Transmit and Receive voice at 13 KB/s over air interface
Base Transceiver Station
(BTS)

•Air
interface
signalling
•Ciphering
•Speech processing (channel coding,
interleaving, and burst formatting)
•Generation of alarms and statistics
• Baseband/Radio frequency
transformation
BSC - Base Station
Controller
 BSC - Base Station
 Controller
Connection establishment between
the MS and the NSS

 Mobility management

 Statistical raw data collection

 Several BTSs are connected to the BSC

 BSC Manages channel allocation,

handovers and release of channels at
MSC – Mobile Switching
Centre
 MSC – Mobile Switching
Centre where calls are
 Exchange
established, maintained and
released
 Database for all subscribers
and their associated features.
 Communicates with the BSCs
 MSC is weighted on the
number of subscribers it can
support.
 HLR - Home Location
Register
●MSC has all subscriber database stored
in HLR
●HLR has all permanent subscriber
database
●MSC communicates with HLR to get
data for MSC
subscribers on call
HLR

★ HLR
will have the series of all subscriber
numbers, which may not be activated or
 VLR – Visiting Location
 A subscription when activated is
Register
registered in VLR
 VLR has all the subscriber numbers
which are active.
 VLR has a temporary database of
all active subscribers (on/off,
location information)
HLR

MSC VLR
 VLR – Visiting Location
Register
HLR

MSC VLR VLR MSC

 MSC communicates with HLR for

subscribers coming from different
MSCs. If the subscriber is found
valid, then it registers the
subscriber in the VLR
 AUC – Authentication
 Authentication is a process by
Centre
which a SIM is verified
 Secret data and the verification
process algorithm are stored in
AUC
 AUC is the element which carries
out the verification of the SIM
 AUC is associated with the HLR

MS MSC HLR AUC

 EIR (Equipment Identity
Register)
EIR is the Mobile Equipment
Database which has a series
of IMEIs
 MSC asks the Mobile to send
its IMEI
 MSC then checks the validity
of IMEI with the EIR
 All IMEIs are stored in EIR
with relevant classifications
EIR
MSC
What is Mobile Number
Portability
 Mobile Number
Portability
[ MNP
 Number portability ]
enables a
subscriber to switch between services,
locations, or operators while retaining
the original mobile number, without
compromising on quality, reliability,
services and operational convenience.
 A subscriber can choose to keep his
number functional even if he switches
services of a Mobile Service Provider
 Thus his/her old number would still be
functional on the new network
 Advantages of MNP
 Subscriber’s benefit
 Convenience of customer to personalize the same
number across the Operators, Locations and
Services. (No age for your number.)
 Better QOS, more features and services, better
tariff plans for customers.
 No cost incurred to notify the new contact details
to the others ( friends, family, business…..)
Advantages of MNP
 Operator ’s benefit
 Healthy competition and an
opportunity to explore more
services/features.
 Operator with best QOS will
gain the subscribers.
 Introduction of innovative
service.
 MNP - Some
facts
 Out of several types of number portability DoT
has recommended Mobile Number Portability
(MNP) for all mobile service operators
 Two central clearing houses for MNP database
covering North-West zone (Syniverse) and
South-East zone (Telecordia)
 These CCH will download the MNP database in
operators NPDB on daily basis
 MNP will be restricted only for intra circle
operators
 MNP will be allowed between CDMA and GSM
operators
 ACQ (All Call Query) direct routing method to
implement MNP
 MNP Terminologies related to network
Donor
Donor
Network
Network

Originating
Originating Recipient
Recipient
Network
Network
Network
Network
NPDB

Originating Network : Network of the calling party

Donor Network : Previous subscription of Called party
Recipient Network : Present subscription of Called party
NPDB : Number Portability Data Base (maintains
portability and provides routing instructions)
 Commonly used
terms
 Non Ported Number – Mobile Numbers belonging to
UNINOR. These numbers will be defined in the NPDB
with HLR (PC & SSN) information. Will be defined in the
Range DN Table of the NPDB.

 Ported In Number – Number ported into UNINOR from

another network. These numbers will be defined in the
NPDB with HLR (PC & SSN) information. Will be defined
in the Single DN Table of the NPDB.

 Ported Out Number – Number Ported out to another

network from UNINOR. These numbers will be defined
in the NPDB with RN information. Will be defined in the
Single DN Table of the NPDB.
(ACQ) All call query- Direct routi
method
ORIG NW Recipient  Whenever the
NPDB Network call is
originated, the
LRN + B-MSISDN

Originating n/w
B-MSISDN

will query its

NPDB
LRN + B-MSISDN  NPDB will
Originating Donor acknowledge
the query by
Network Network adding a prefix
(LRN) to the B
MSISDN if the B
MSISDN is
ported out.
ACQ is called as direct routing as
 Based on the
donor network will not be included prefix (LRN) the
Originating n/w
during entire call flow. will route the