Anatomy/Physiology Review

Andrew Jay G. Pusung, MD, DPBS

Diplomate, Philippine Board of Surgery
General, Cancer and Laparoscopic Surgery
 Anatomy/Physiology Review
• Day 1 (July 5, 2008)
– Anatomy/Physiology Intro
– Cytology/Histology Review
– Integumentary system
– Muscular system
– Skeletal system
 Anatomy/Physiology Review
• Day 2 (July 12, 2008)
– Nervous system
– Senses (eyes and ears)
– Endocrine system
– Digestive system
 Anatomy/Physiology Review
• Day 3 (July 19, 2008)
– Circulatory system
– Respiratory system
– Excretory system
– Reproductive system
 Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy – study of structure

Physiology – study of function

Structure is always related to function

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 Comparing
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomists use observation

• Physiologists use
experimentation

Together: The functional role

(physiology) of a part depends on
how it is constructed (anatomy).
 Levels of Organization
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell
Tissue – loose connective tissue, muscle tissue
Organ – skin, femur
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system
Organism - human
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Levels of Organization

1-5
Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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 Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the

internal environment and corrects any changes

•Receptors - provide information

•Control center - tells what a particular value should be
•Effectors - causes responses to change internal
environment

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 HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• There are many mechanisms used by the
body to control conditions or maintain
homeostasis.
General Mechanisms
• Negative Feedback System
– Acts opposite to the factor change.
• Positive Feedback System
– Acts in the same direction as the factor change.
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Homeostatic Mechanisms

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Anatomical Position
 THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Directional Terms
• Directional Terms:
– Superior/Cranial/Rostral – Proximal
• Towards head or upper • Closer to origin of
end. structure.
– Inferior/Caudal – Distal
• Towards lower end.
• Farther from the origin of
– Anterior/Ventral structure.
• Towards front.
– Superficial
– Posterior/Dorsal • Towards the surface.
• Towards back.
– Deep/Internal
– Medial
• Towards center/away from
• Towards midline.
surface.
– Lateral
• Away from midline.
 THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Body Planes & Sections
• Sagittal Plane.
– Divides body into left & right parts.
– Midline sagittal plane – median plane/midsagittal
– Off of the midline – parasagittal planes
• Frontal Planes.
– Divides body into ventral & dorsal parts.
– Coronal planes – especially used for brain.
• Transverse Planes.
– Divides body into rostral & caudal parts.
– Cross section.
– Very common in MRI/PET scans of body and head.
 THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Body Cavities
• Dorsal Body Cavities.
– Cranial cavity
– Vertebral or spinal cavity
• Ventral Body Cavities.
– Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavity – lungs
• Superior Mediastinum – trachea & esophagus
• Pericardial cavity - heart
– Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal area – digestive & renal organs
• Pelvic area – bladder, rectum, & some reproductive organs.
 THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Other Body Cavities
• Oral & Digestive Cavities
– Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, & rectum
• Nasal & Respiratory Cavities
– Nasal passage, sinuses, trachea, lungs
• Orbital Cavities
• Middle Ear Cavities
• Synovial Cavities
Body Cavities

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 Serous Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes

•Visceral pleura •Visceral peritoneum
•Parietal pleura •Parietal peritoneum
•Visceral pericardium
•Parietal pericardium

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Body Cavities
Serous Membranes
Serous Membranes

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 Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward,
upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Terms of Relative Position

• Superior versus Inferior
•Anterior versus Posterior
•Medial versus Lateral
•Ipsilateral versus Contralateral
•Proximal versus Distal
•Superficial versus Deep
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 Body Sections
•Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median
•Transverse / Cross
•Coronal or Frontal
•Oblique

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Planes and Sections
Abdominal Subdivisions

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Body Regions

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