Presentation

on

Steam Turbine

In

THERMAL POWER STATION

by
RAJESH KUMAR
B.E-ELECTRICAL
PGDC-THERMAL POWER PLANT
NPTI,NEYVELI.
 Electricity
is the
key ingredient
for the
development
of a Nation
Thermal Power
plants are major
source of
producing
Electricity on
large scale
THERMAL POWER STATION – II (7 x 210MW), NLC Ltd., Neyveli.
TURBINES

 Gas Turbine
 Hydraulic Turbine
 Wind Turbine
 Steam Turbine
Developments of Steam Turbine

 First steam turbine was produced by Hero, a Greek

Philosopher in 120 BC (Reaction Turbine)

 In 1629, an Italian named Branc actually anticipated the

boiler steam turbine combination

 First practical steam turbine was introduced by Charles

Parsons in 1884 (Reaction Turbine)

 In 1889, Gustav De Laval produced the first practical

impulse turbine
Developments of Steam Turbine

 Active development of steam turbine made it the principal

prime mover of generating stations by 1920

 Most units used 14 kg/cm2 and 2760C steam and capacity

ranged from 5MW to 30MW

 By 1930 steam conditions rose to 48 kg/cm2 and 3980C

 By 1940 steam conditions of 81 kg/cm2 and 5090C was

achieved
Basic Principle

 The thermal power plant with steam turbine uses

Rankine Cycle

 Rankine Cycle is a vapour power cycle

 Rankine Power Cycle has two basic characteristics :

 The working fluid is a condensable vapour which is

in liquid phase during part of the cycle

 The cycle consists of a succession of steady flow

processes, each process being carried out in a
separate component specially designed for the
purpose
AB – Work done in Pump

BC – Heating of Feed Water

(Sensible heat addition)

CD – Evaporation of Water in Boiler

(Latent heat addition)

DE – Superheating of Steam in Boiler

(Superheat addition)

EFG – Expansion of Steam in Turbine

GA – Condensation of steam in the

Condenser
Super Critical Steam Generator
 Total installed capacity in India as on July 2008 is about
1,45,585 MW

 Installed capacity of Thermal Power Plants is about 93,114MW

 At present all Thermal Power Stations in India are based on

Sub-critical technology

 The largest unit size is 500MW

 The 500MW units have been operating at 167 kg/cm2 & 5380C

 NTPC is installing 3 x 660 MW Power Plants with Super Critical

Technology in Sipat, Chhatisgarh and 3 x 660 MW Power Plants
in Barh, Bihar
Super Critical Steam Generator
 Steam Generator operates above critical pressure 225 kg/cm2

 Steam generators with steam parameters of about 300 kg/cm2

and 5800C to 6000C at turbine inlet are termed as Ultra Super
Critical (USC) boilers

 The current trend in advanced countries like Japan, Europe is to

go for higher pressure as well as higher temperatures of 300
kg/cm2 & 6000C – 6200C

 For the same material constraints an additional temperature of

about 250C can be achieved in reheat steam temperature
because of the re-heater pressures are much lower, so the tubes
experiences lower stress levels
Super Critical Steam Generator
ADVANTAGES OF SUPER CRITICAL UNITS :

 Overall plant thermal efficiency is increased

 Fuel consumption per unit of electricity generated is reduced

 Heat Rate is reduced

 Heat rejection in condenser is reduced

 Size of Condenser is reduced

 Size of Cooling tower is reduced

 World wide R&D efforts indicate realization of Thermal power

plants with Ultra Super Critical parameters of 350 kg/cm2 &
7000C by the year 2015
Basic Rankine Cycle
 Useful Heat
Thermal Efficiency = ----------------
Total Heat

Useful Heat = Total Heat – Rejected Heat

Total Heat – Rejected Heat

Hence, Thermal Efficiency = -------------------------------
Total Heat

Rejected Heat
= 1 – ----------------
Total Heat
Modified Rankine Cycle

 High Pressure Steam

 High Temperature Steam
 Reheating
 Regeneration
 High Vacuum in Condenser
Rankine Cycle Efficiency
There are two ways to improve the Rankine Efficiency:

1. Reduce the rejected heat component in the condenser

2. Increase the useful heat component

 The rejected heat component is dependent upon condensation

temperature (condenser vacuum)

 It depends on the cooling water temperature

 It depends on cooling tower performance

 The useful heat component is determined largely by the steam

temperature

 It is limited by the temperature of the super heater metal

Rankine Cycle with Reheating

Reheating :
 One available way to improve the Rankine Efficiency is Reheating
 The first reheat boiler was installed at North Tees Power Station in
England in 1921
Rankine Cycle with Reheating and Feed Heating
 Steam bled from a turbine for feed heating will surrender its super heat,
latent heat to the feed water thus relieving the boiler of a comparable
amount of work
 If there had been no feed heating the steam would have rejected a large
quantity of heat to cooling water in the condenser
Feed Heaters
THERMAL CYCLE
 HP TURBINE IP TURBINE LP TURBINE TG SET
MS

CRH HPSV IPSV

NRV GENERATOR
HPCV IPCV

HPCV
CRH IPCV
HPSV
NRV IPSV

MS

HRH
Condenser

BOILER
 Opening SV
GENERAL SCHEME Opening CV
Steam from Turbine Rolling
boiler
Synchronization
De-acceleration
Turbine/Unit Lock- Acceleration
Out Tripping Tripping

100MW
80MW
120MW
Steam to 120MW
80MW
3000rpm
3000RPM
2900 rpm
3000rpm
3100rpm
turbine
80MW
100MW
120MW

Generating
Turbine Station Load
Consumer
Generator Speed
3150 3100 3000 2900 2850 1500 180
Thermal Cycle

Heat-energy Sankey Diagram of heat flow

The heat given to the condenser cooling water is greater that of generator terminals
Steam Turbine Heat Rate
 Turbine cycle efficiency is expressed as “Heat Rate”
 Heat Rate is the heat input to the turbine needed to produce
1 kWhr of Electricity
 Unit of Heat Rate is kcal/kWhr
 1 kWhr = 860kcal
 Turbine Cycle Efficiency = (860 / Heat Rate) x 100%

Heat input to the Turbine

Heat Rate = kcal / kWhr
Generator Power output

 Heat Rate = 2012.7 kcal/kWhr

 Turbine Cycle Efficiency = (860 / 2012.7) x 100 = 42.73%

Steam Turbine

 Steam Turbine is a rotating machine

which converts Heat Energy of Steam
to Mechanical Energy
Working Principle

 When steam is allowed to expand through a narrow orifice,

it assumes kinetic energy at the expense of its heat energy
(enthalpy)

 This kinetic energy of steam is changed to mechanical

(rotational) energy through the impact (impulse) or
reaction of steam against the blades
Turbine Rotor
Turbine - Moving Blades
Turbine - Generator Rotor Coupling
Turbine - Fixed Blades
Turbine – Moving Blades
Steam Condenser
 The Steam after its execution of work in turbine is exhausted to
condenser
Steam Condenser
 The Steam after its execution of work in turbine is exhausted to
condenser
Hot Well
Cooling Tower
Cooling Tower

 Cooling tower is basically a heat rejection equipment

 It is a device where heat and mass transfer take place
 Water is cooled by evaporation
 Rate of cooling depends upon evaporation rate
Cooling Tower

Principle of Operation
Theory of Vaporization
 The vaporization of a liquid can occur in two ways
1. Boiling
2. Evaporation
Cooling Tower

Boiling
 Vaporization of a liquid by the process of boiling takes
place only at saturation temperature
Cooling Tower

Evaporation
 Vaporization of a liquid by the process of evaporation takes
place only at the free surface of the liquid
 Vaporization of a liquid by the process of evaporation takes
place at any temperature below the saturation temperature
 Evaporation takes place continually
 Water evaporates from lakes, rivers, ponds, cloths, etc.,
 Any liquid open to the atmosphere, regardless of its
temperature, will gradually evaporate and be diffused into
the air
Control Room
Control Room
Turbo Generator
Turbo Generator
Thank you!