Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B u s in e s s E n v ir o n m e n t
In te r n a l E n v ir o n m e n t E x te r n a l E n v ir o n m e n t
INTERNAL INTERNAL
ATTITUDES BUSINESS POWER
ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIP
COMPANY
OTHER HUMAN
IMAGE &
FACTORS RESOURCE
BRAND EQUITY
Internal Environment
Miscellaneous Factors
E x te r n a l E n v ir o n m e n t
M ic r o M acro
E n v ir o n m e n t E n v ir o n m e n t
Micro Environment
Multiple Supplier
2. Customer
Types of Customers
– Industrial Customers
– Institutional Customer
– Foreign Customer
– Retail Customer
Multiple Customer
Globalization
Customer Segmentation
3. Market Intermediates
Economic System
•Capitalist
•Socialist
•Mixed Economy
Economic Policies
•Monetary Policy
•Fiscal Policy
•Foreign Trade Policy
•Foreign Investment
•Industrial Policy
2. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
P o lit ic a l S y s te m C o n s t it u t io n
E n v ir o n m e n t
L e g is la tu r e P r e a m b le
E x e c u tiv e F u n d a m e n ta l R ig h ts
J u d ic ia r y D ir e c tiv e s
P r in c ip le s o f S ta te P o lic y
3. Socio-Cultural Environment
Urbanization
Religion
Tastes & Preferences
Customs & Tradition in Society
Health & Quality of Life
Language
4. Technological Environment
Innovation
Research & Development
Inflow of foreign Technology etc.
5. Natural Environment
Climatic & weather condition.
Availability of Natural resources.
Topographical factors: Physical features of
place.
Pollution Control
6. Demographic Environment
Age Composition
Sex Composition
Education Level
Family size & structure
Urban-rural population
7. International Environment
Globalization
Oil Price hike
International Terrorism
Cultural Exchange
Dynamics
of
Business Environment
Factors Effecting
Business Environment
1. Global Scenario
2. Indian Scenario
1.Global Scenario
Monetary Policy
Fiscal Policy
Import controls
TRIMs
Price Control
Labour Policy
Exchange controls
POLITICAL RISK
ANALYSIS
Political environment is set by the
POLITICAL SYSTEM, THE
CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK,
EXTERNAL POLITICAL RELATIONS,
FUNCTIONING OF THE GOVERNMENT,
ROLE AND BEHAVIOR OF VARIOUS
POLITICAL PRESSURE GROUPS
TYPES OF POLITICAL RISK
Cntnd
2. OPERATIONAL RISK
Restriction on the production, marketing,
finance, human resource management or
international business
3. OWNERSHIP RISK
It arises from the probability that the govt. might
take actions that may lead to erosion in
ownership or control in the business firm.
Cntnd
TYPES OF OWNERSHIP RISK
Confiscation
OWNERSHIP RISK
Expropriation Domestication
4. TRANSFER RISK
This risk applies to MNCs having ventures
in foreign countries or to the domestic firms
having business operations or subsidiaries
Transactions
Transfer of profits, Funds or Assets
HOW A COMPANY
MANAGES ENVIRONMENT
RISK ?
Visible Invisible
Capital Transfers
Features
Fixed Period of Time
Comprehensiveness
Systematic Record
Double Entry System
All items –Government and Non-
Government
Structure
Balance of payments = (Exports of
goods + Capital receipts + Services)
– (Imports of goods + Capital
payments + Services)
Disequilibrium in
balance of payments
Balanced Balance of Payments
B=R-P=0
Favourable Balance of Payments
Bf=R-P>0
Unfavourable Balance of
Payments
BU=R-P<0
Indian Share in World
Import Trade
Trade
Export
1950 1.85 1.71 1.78
1960 1.03 1.69 1.36
1970 0.64 0.65 0.65
1980 0.42 0.72 0.57
1990 0.52 0.66 0.59
1991 0.50 0.56 0.53
1992 0.53 0.61 0.57
1993 0.58 0.60 0.59
1994 0.60 0.63 0.61
1995 0.60 0.60 0.60
1996 0.60 0.60 0.60
1997 0.60 0.60 0.60
Foreign Trade in
India
Year Import Export Trade (def)
PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
Wholly owned subsidiary
Joint Ventures
Acquisition
1. Wholly owned Subsidiary :
Companies with long term and
substantial interest in the foreign market go
for the wholly owned subsidiary. It provides
the firm with complete control over
production and quality
2. Joint Ventures:
Joint venture is a common strategy of
entering the foreign market. Diverse types
of joint overseas operations are :
Sharing of ownership and management in
an enterprise
Licensing/Franchising agreement
through intellectual property rights
Patents
Trade marks
Copyrights
Technical Know-How
Marketing Skills
FRANCHISING : is a form of licensing in
which a parent company ( The Franchiser)
grants another independent entity( The
Franchise ) the right to do business in a
prescribed manner. The major form of
franchising are as follows:
Manufacturer---retailer system
Manufacturer---wholesaler
Service firm-----retailer system
FACTORS LEADS TO THE
FOREIGN DIRECT
INVESTMENT
Rate of Interest
Speculation
Profitability
Costs of Production
Economic Conditions
Government policies (Remittances, profits,
taxation, Foreign exchange control, tariffs and
monetary policy)
Political Factors
ADVANTAGES OF FDI
MAURITIUS 34.49 %
USA 17.1 %
JAPAN 7.33 %
NETHERLANDS 7.16 %
UK 6.54 %
FIVE TOP STATES
ATTRACTING MAJOR SHARE
OF FDI
MAHARASHTRA 14.8 %
DELHI 12.2 %
TAMIL NADU 9.05 %
KARNATKA 7.63 %
GUJRAT 4.97 %
INDUSTRIAL
POLICY
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
INDUSTRIAL POLICY
Cntnd.
In the third category the industries of such
basic importance that the central govt.
would feel it necessary to plan and
regulate them.
In the fourth category the industries are
left for the private enterprise, individual
as well as co-operative
Cntnd
IIIrd PHASE OF
INDUSTRIALISATION
Cntnd
Capital goods industries for meeting the
machinery requirements of basic industries
High technology industries which required
large scale production, and which were
related to agricultural and Small Scale
industries development like Fertilizers,
Pesticides, Petrochemicals
NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY,
1991
cntnd
EFFECT OF WORLD WAR I(1914)
ON INDUSTRIALISATION
Localization of Industries
For Sugarcane North Bihar & Eastern
UP-1904&1936
For Cotton Mumbai followed by
Ahmedabad, Kanpur,
Chennai, Madurai
Diversification of Industries
Cotton-----Steal--------Coal--------Jute
MAIN FEATURES OF
INDUSTRIALISATION DURING
BRITISH RULE
Import Substitution
Increased disparity in the Indian economy
Lack of Integration
Minimal speed effect
Organizational Imperfections
Lack of Institutional finances
Beginning of the modern factory system (1850-
1947)
First Cotton textile mill by a Parsi Businessman
C.N.Davar started in 1884 in Bombay
Development of Sugar,Paper and Steel Industries
Development of the railways and other public
works and rise of modern industry after 1850
made India a large number of Iron and Steel in
India
The first Iron Production started at Barkar Iron
works in 1875
This was followed by the setting up of the Tata
Iron and Steel Company(TISCO) at
Sakchi(Jamshedpur) in 1907
INDUSTRIALISATION DURING
FIVE YEAR PLANS
1. FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN(1951-56)
The first five year plan concentrated on the
development of agriculture. Industrial activity was
mostly directed towards the development of
Infrastructure facilities like power and irrigation
Development of consumer goods industries such as Jute,
plywood, cotton textile, sugar, edible oil,paints etc
Expansion of capital goods industries like iron and steel,
aluminium, fertilizers, chemicals and heavy machine tools
2. Second Five Year Plan(1956-61)
The second five year plan accorded a
very high priority to industrial
development. The major objectives were:
Increased output in the basic and heavy
industries such as Fertilizer,chemicals,iron and
steel, aluminium and heavy engineering
Expansion of the capacity of
cement,chemical,phosphatic fertilizer,bulk drugs
Modernization of traditional industries like
sugar, cotton textile, jute,etc where the
productivity had declined due to the age structure
of these plants.
Maximum utilization of installed capacity,
especially in the public utilities and infrastructural
services.
During the second plan, investment in the
PSU’s was Rs.870 crores, whereas investment in
the private sector was Rs. 675 crores
3. Third five year plan(1961-66)
The third five year plan was governed by the
overriding need to complete on-going projects in
basic heavy industries. The objectives of this plan
were :
Rapid completion of all projects.
Increased emphasis on raw materials
and producer’s input.
Diversification of capacity in the capital
and producer goods.
The plan envisaged a total outlay of
Rs.3000 crores in the organized industries and
mining of which 1700 cr. For PSU’s and 1300 cr
in private sector.
4. Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
The objectives of the fourth five year plan
were :
Maximum utilization of installed
capacity in industries
To achieve self-reliance through import
substitution and export expansion
To curb monopolistic tendencies
To channelise new investments in strict
accordance with the plan priorities.
Total outlay on the industrial sector was
Rs.5300 crores.
5. Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-79)
The objectives of the fifth plan were:
To achieve substantial increase in
production capacity through technological
expansion and improvement.
Creation of new capacities in
accordance with the plan priorities and initiation
of advance action in cases of long gestation
projects.
To introduce a package of incentives to
desire sectors of economy.
Total outlay was Rs.10200.
6. Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
The Plan had five fold strategy to achieve
rapid industrialization :
To increase manufacturing capacities of
a variety of consumer goods and durables both in
the public and private sectors.
To support industrial growth through
the supply of intermediate and capital goods.
To attain technological excellence for
encouraging exports of engineering goods.
Total outlay was Rs.20407 crores.
7. Seventh five year plan(1985-90)
The objectives of this plan were:
To integrate science and technology into the
main stream of development
To create conditions for and to promote
modernization, efficiency and competition in
industry
To promote diversification of industrial
production
To ensure balanced regional dev.
Total outlay was Rs.22460 crores
8. Eighth five year plan(1992-97)
The broader objective of the plan were:
To ensure efficiency and competitiveness was
of the industrial sector through modernization and
technology upgradation
Expansion and fuller utilization of installed
capacities in power, transport, communication and
water resources.
Greater private participation
9. Ninth five year plan(1997-2002)
The objectives of plan were :
Priority to agriculture and rural development
Ensuring environment sustainability of the
development process through social mobilization
and participation of people at all levels.
Strengthening efforts to build self-reliance.
GLOBALISATION
Globalization is the process by which a firms activity
become worldwide in scope
Doing, or planning to expand , business globally
Giving distinction between the domestic market &
foreign market
Locating the production and other physical facilities of
global business dynamics
Basic product development and production planning on
the global consideration
Global sourcing of factors of production
Global orientation of organizational structure and
management culture
FEATURES OF
GLOBALISATION
1. NEW MARKETS
Growing global markets in services
New financial markets
Deregulation of antitrust laws of
mergers
Global Consumer markets with global
brands
Cntnd
2. NEW ACTORS
Multinational corporations
The World Trade Organization
International Criminal Court System
Regional Blocs
More policy Coordination groups-
G-77,G-7, OPEC, OECD
3. NEW RULES AND NORMS
Multilateral agreements in trade new agendas
on environment and social conditions
Cntnd
New multilateral agreements for services
property rights and communication
Conventions and agreements on the Global
environment
4. NEW TOOLS OF COMMUNICATION
Internet and electronic communication
Cellular phones
Fax machines
Faster and cheaper transport
Computer aided design
FACTORS LEADS TO
GLOBALISATION
Human Resources
Wide Base
Growing Entrepreneurship
Growing Domestic Market
Niche markets
Expanding Markets
Economic Liberalization
Competition
OBSTACLES TO GLOBALISATION
Government Policy and Procedures
High cost of basic inputs
Poor Infrastructure
Obsolescence
Resistance to change
Poor Quality Image
Supply problems
Small Size
Lack of Experience
Limited R&D and marketing research
Growing Competition
Trade barriers
PUBLIC SECTOR
ENTERPRISES REFORMS
PSE’s includes Government companies in the
Central and State Sectors
These industries covers a wide spectrum of
activities in basic and strategic industries like:
Steal Heavy Eng. Tourism
Coal Chemicals Financial
Minerals Fertilizers Trading
Petroleum Transp. Marketing
WHY THE PSE’S ?
PRIVATISATION
LIBERALISATION GLOBALISATION
LIBERALISATION
Liberalization of the economy means to free
it from direct or physical controls imposed
by the Government.
The various types of controls are as follows:
Industrial licensing system
Price control or financial control on goods
Import license
Foreign exchange control
Restrictions on investment by big business houses
MEASURES FOR
LIBERALISATION
Abolition of Industrial Licensing and Registration
Concession from monopolies Act
Freedom for expansion and production to
Industries
Increase in investment limit of SSI
Freedom to import capital goods
Freedom to import technology
Free determination of Interest rate
ADVANTAGES OF
LIBERALISATION
Improvements in Industries & service sector
Free flow of FDI & MNCs
More availability of imported goods at cheaper
rates
Quality education and careers to people
Improvement of technology in the field of SSI &
LSI
Improvement in means of communication and
Transport.
DISADVANTAGES OF
LIBERALISAION
Common man fails to enjoy the imported
goods as they lack purchasing power
Danger in political independence
Agricultural dominated countries
Underdeveloped countries fail to increase
their exports in comparison to imports
PRIVATISATION
Privatization of Industries means opening the
gates of Public Sector to Private sector
The term privatization is used in two sense
Transferring the ownership of public sector to
private sector
Management and controlling of public sector
by private sector without transferring the
ownership
CAUSES OF PRIVATISATION
Disintegration of Socialist Economies
Inefficient public sector
Uneconomic pricing policy
Burden on the Government
Inefficient management control
OBJECTIVE OF PRIVATISATION
To increase the efficiency and competitive power.
To reduce deficit financing and public deficit
To strengthen industrial management
To earn more and more foreign currency
To make optimum use of economic resources
To achieve rapid industrial development
MEASURES FOR PRIVATISATION
Cntnd
2. ORGANISATIONAL MEASURES
A holding company structure
Leasing
Restructuring( Financial, Basic )
3. OPERATIONAL MEASURES
Grant of autonomy to PE s in
decision making
Provision of incentives to the
employees
Freedom to acquire certain inputs
from the market
Development of proper investment
criteria
GLOBALISATION
Globalization is the process by which a firms activity
become worldwide in scope
Doing, or planning to expand , business globally
Giving distinction between the domestic market &
foreign market
Locating the production and other physical facilities of
global business dynamics
Basing product development and production planning on
the global consideration
Global sourcing of factors of production
Global orientation of organizational structure and
management culture
FEATURES OF
GLOBALISATION
1. NEW MARKETS
Growing global markets in services
New financial markets
Deregulation of antitrust laws of
mergers
Global Consumer markets with global
brands
Cntnd
2. NEW ACTORS
Multinational corporations
The World Trade Organization
International Criminal Court System
Regional Blocs
More policy Coordination groups-
G-77,G-7, OPEC, OECD
3. NEW RULES AND NORMS
Multilateral agreements in trade new agendas
on environment and social conditions
Cntnd
New multilateral agreements for services
property rights and communication
Conventions and agreements on the Global
environment
4. NEW TOOLS OF COMMUNICATION
Internet and electronic communication
Cellular phones
Fax machines
Faster and cheaper transport
Computer aided design
FACTORS LEADS TO
GLOBALISATION
Human Resources
Wide Base
Growing Entrepreneurship
Growing Domestic Market
Niche markets
Expanding Markets
Economic Liberalization
Competition
OBSTACLES TO GLOBALISATION
Government Policy and Procedures
High cost of basic inputs
Poor Infrastructure
Obsolescence
Resistance to change
Poor Quality Image
Supply problems
Small Size
Lack of Experience
Limited R&D and marketing research
Growing Competition
Trade barriers
FINANCIAL
ENVIRONMENT
FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT
Instability
Defective Tax Structure
Inequality of Income
Failure Public Sectors
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE
REFORM OF FISCAL POLICY
Reduction in Non-Development
Expenditure
Agricultural Taxation
Control over Black Money
More Direct Taxes
Reduction in Tax Evasion