Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cryptography – CS 507
Erkay Savas
Sabancı University
Taxonomy of Cryptographic
Algorithms
Cryptography
Stream Block
Ciphers Ciphers
Si+1
Si Si : state at time t = i.
G : output function.
F : next-state function.
F
Initial state, output and
G next-state functions are
ki controlled by the secret
mi ci key.
c1 c2 cL ci = 0 or 1
C ( x) 1 c1 x c2 x 2 cL x L : Connection Polynomial
1 x
1 x2 x3
http://fchabaud.free.fr/English/
Example: 1 x x 4
ciphertext
plaintext
100011110101100 100011110101100 …
12/08/21 Erkay Savas 7
LFSR Ciphers
1000 0001
0010
1100
0100
1110
1001
1111
0011
0111
1011 0110
0101 1101
1010
C(x) L m B(x) i
1 0 -1 1 0 = s0 = 1
1+x 1 0 1 1 = s1 + s0 = 1
1 1 0 1 2 = s2 = 0
1 1 0 1 3 = s3 = 0
1 1 0 1 4 = s4 = 0
1 1 0 1 5 = s5 = 1
1+x5 5 5 1 6 = s6 + s1 = 0
1+x5 5 5 1 7 = s7 + s2 = 1
12/08/21 Erkay Savas 13
Example
s31 = 1000010101110110001111100110100
C(x) L m B(x) i d
1+ x2 + x5 5 5 1 8 d = s8 + s 6 + s 3 = 0
1+ x2 + x5 5 5 1 9 d = s9 + s 7 + s 4 = 0
1+ x2 + x5 5 5 1 10 d = s10 + s8 + s5 = 0
1+ x2 + x5 5 5 1 11 d = s11 + s9 + s6 = 0
1+ x2 + x5 5 5 1 12 d = s12 + s10 + s7 = 0
1+ x2 + x5 5 5 1 13 d = s13 + s11 + s8 = 0
1+ x2 + x5 5 5 1 14 d = s14 + s12 + s9 = 0
1+ x2 + x5 5 5 1 15 d = s15 + s13 + s10 = 0
12/08/21 Erkay Savas 14
Properties of Linear Complexity
LFSR1
Nonlinear Output
LFSR2
Combining
sequence
Function
LFSR3
Input
sequences
x2 z
LFSR2
x3
LFSR3
x1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
x2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
x3 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
z 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
x1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 12/15
x2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 8/15
x3 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 11/15
z 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 A 66 69 91 92 93
ri
1 B 69 78 82 83 84
F F
G ci ci G
ki
Sender ki Receiver
ki
G G
ki ci ci
Sender mi Receiver
mi