WELCOME

TO
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
NORBERT LICAD ALFONSO, M.D.,DPSOHNS.,FASOHNS., MBA-H
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD and NECK SURGERY
MAXILLO-FACIAL AESTHETIC SURGERY
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• 5-unit course (Lect.-3 units; Lab-2 unit)
• 3 Hours lecture: 6 Hours Laboratory per group
• Course Requirements:
– Attend class regularly
– Take and pass examinations ALMOST EVERY MEETING
– Submit and perform experiments in the lab COMPLETELY,
SATISFACTORILY & ON TIME!
– GRADING SYSTEM
60% LECTURE (Quizzes , Major Exams)
40% LABORATORY ( Quizzes, Practical, Manual)
- 1% ADDITIONAL FOR PERFECT ATTENDANCE BOTH LECTURE
AND LABORATORY AND NO IR
 Cheating?
Cellphone?
MP3 player PSP

…. NOT ALLOWED!!!
 ANATOMY
• study of body structure

• study of parts of living organisms &

their relationship to each other
 PHYSIOLOGY
• study of how the body functions

- how the body parts accomplish their

functions
Divisions of Human Anatomy

• Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic)

• Histology (Microscopic)
• Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
• Neuroanatomy
CELL - fundamental unit of structure
of all living things

TISSUE- specialized group of cells

epithelial connective vascular
muscular nervous

ORGAN- group of fundamental tissues

bound together  perform a
given function

SYSTEM- group of organs similar in origin

& structure united together 
perform a given function
 Levels of Organization
• Chemical:atoms->molecules
• Cellular:cells with organelles
– Basic unit of life
• Tissue:groups of cells & surround
– 4 basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular,
nervous
• Organ:groups of tissues performing a common
function
• System:group of organs with a common function
• Organism
Figure 1.1
 BODY SYSTEMS
A. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
B. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
C. SKELETAL SYSTEM
D. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
E. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
F. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
G. LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM
H. URINARY SYSTEM
I. NERVOUS SYSTEM
J. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
K. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Skin & its appendages
hair, nail, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
cutaneous sense organs

FUNCTION:
• protection
• Sensation
• thermoregulation
• excretion of waste
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Skeletal muscle, connective tissue

FUNCTION:
• movement by contracting & maintain posture
• generates heat
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Basic framework of the body
having 207 bones and joints
cartilages and tendons

FUNCTION:
• support and protection
• Motion
• stores minerals
• cavities provide a site for blood cell formation
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

FUNCTION:
• provide oxygen
• get rid of excess CO2
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
heart, blood and blood vessels

FUNCTION:
• supply & transport of nutrients
• maintain homeostasis
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines,
accessory structures (teeth, salivary glands,
liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

FUNCTION:
• Ingestion
• Digestion
• absorption of food
• elimination of waste products
 LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen,
thymus, tonsils
FUNCTION:
• houses cells that act in immune
response
• protect body from foreign substances
• cleanses blood of pathogens & other
debris
 URINARY SYSTEM
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
FUNCTION:
• regulation of acid - base balance
elimination of waste products
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
• brain, spinal cord, nerves
special sense organs
FUNCTION:
• correlate nerve impulses in the sensory
centers
• coordinate nerve impulses
in the motor centers
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenals, thymus,
Islands of Langerhans in the pancreas, pineal
gland, ovaries, testes

FUNCTION:
• contribute body fluids, specific substances
which affect activity of other cells
& organs
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
genitals & its internal structures

FUNCTION:
• perpetuation of human specie
• concerned with production of offspring
• ALL THESE SYSTEMS ---
INTERRELATED & DEPENDENT
on ONE ANOTHER

SKELETON does not SUPPORT unless

assisted by the MUSCULAR, NERVOUS,
CIRCULATORY & other systems.
 BODY PROCESSES
METABOLISM= sum of all the chemical & physical changes
-- take place within the body,
enable continued growth & function.

CATABOLISM= complex substances

digested food nutrients  broken down
 simple compounds  release energy

ANABOLISM = simple compounds

growth, function, & repair of tissues.
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
= body fluid outside the cell
60% of adult
weight
INTRACELLULAR FLUID
= body fluid inside the cell
 Homeostasis
• Maintaining a stable internal environment
• Dynamic process
• physiologic process by which the internal
systems of the body are maintained
at equilibrium
e.g.: blood pressure, bodyTo, acid – base balance
 Homeostasis (Cont.)
• Maintained by feedback systems
• Involves adjusting the value of a physiological
variable
• Must be measured and then changed toward
some goal
 Negative Feedback System
• Reverses a change in the controlled variable,
bringing it back to “normal”
• This is the process that maintains homeostasis
– E.g. blood sugar levels, blood pressure,
– body temperature
 Positive Feedback Systems
• This process strengthens a change.
• Rare but important
• Must be shut down by an outside force.
– E.g. child birth, ovulation, blood clotting
 Clinical Terms
• Disorder: abnormality of structure/function
• Disease: specific illness determined by signs &
symptoms
• Symptoms: subjective changes not observable
form outside
• Signs: measurable observable changes
 Aging & Homeostasis

Normal process that includes a progressive loss

in the ability to maintain homeostasis
 Anatomical Terms
• Precise use of language to define position,
direction and location in the body.
 ANATOMICAL POSITION
Four charcteristics
• body standing erect facing observer
• arms hanging at the sides
• palms facing forward
• feet together flat on the ground
 Descriptive Terms in Relation to Position
Superior = above; higher position.
Inferior = below.

Ventral & Anterior = located toward the belly.

Dorsal & Posterior = nearer the back.

Cranial = nearer the head.

Caudal = nearer the sacral region of the spinal cord
(tail -- in lower animals)
 Descriptive Terms in Relation to Position
Medial = nearer midline of the body.
Lateral = farther from the midline, toward the side.

Proximal = nearer the point of origin of a part.

Distal = farther from the point of origin of a
part.

Superficial = toward or on the surface of the body.

Deep = away from the surface of the body.
 SURFACE ANATOMY
• ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
abdominal femoral pelvic
antecubital inguinal peroneal
axillary mammary pubic
buccalmanussternal
carpal nasal tarsal
cervical oral thoracic
acromial orbital umbilical
digital brachial patellar
Figure 1.4a
Figure 1.4b
Figure 1.5
 FUNDAMENTAL PLANES
SAGITTAL = vertical line
= divides body into R & L unequally.

MID – SAGITTAL = median; R & L equally.

FRONTAL = coronal
= divide body into anterior (front) &
posterior (back) parts.

TRANSVERSE = horizontal; cross section

= divide the body into superior &
inferior parts.
Figure 1.6
Figure 1.7a
Figure 1.7b
Figure 1.7c
 CAVITIES of the BODY
Internal spaces or cavities

Two groups of cavities:

A. DORSAL
1. cranial --- brain
2. spinal --- spinal cord
3. orbital --- eyes & its appendages
4. nasal --- air passageway
5. oral --- teeth & tongue
6. auricular ---- ears & its parts
 CAVITIES of the BODY
Internal spaces or cavities

Two groups of cavities: Continuation

B. VENTRAL
1. thoracic = above the diaphragm
pleural sac --- lung
pericardial sac --- heart, great vessels

2. abdomino-pelvic = below the diaphragm

subdivisions: a. Abdominal
b. Pelvic cavity
Figure 1.8 part 1
Fig. 1.12
Figure 1.8 part 2
 Regions and Quadrants of the
Abdomen
• Quadrants are more prepared by surgeons
than quadrants.
• Be able to know the specific LOCATIONS of
each organs as to quadrant & regions
Figure 1.10a
Figure 1.10b
Figure 1.11
QUADRANTS of the ABDOMEN

Right Left
Upper quadrant Upper quadrant

Right Left
Lower quadrant Lower quadrant
 REGIONS of the ABDOMEN

Right Epigastric Left

Hypochondriac Hypochondriac

Right Umbilical Left

Lumbar Lumbar

Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac

Quadrants/regions
 PREPARE

for your FIRST

QUIZ
NEXT MEETING !