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Geological forces that shape the physical appearance of the
world.
such as earthquakes, erosion, resource depletion, and plate
movements.
Physical Activity exists at the surface level.
examples of these processes on our landscape include the
creation of the Grand Canyon, separating Pangaea into the
multiple continents we have now, and effecting the tides.
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Until the 20th century, most scientists believed the Earth's crust
was rigid.
Revived the idea of continental drift, first introduced by
early scientists.
Collected a lot of evidence to support Pangaea theory.
Pangaea means "whole land" in Greek.
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His theories didn't add up to experts back then because plate tectonics
had not yet been discovered.
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Usually represented by a
. At this type of boundary,
magma from the asthenosphere
wells up in the opening between
plates. This upward flow of molten
material produces a line of volcanic
vents that spill out basaltic lava onto
the ocean floor. They are said to be
called ³constructive´ because
material is being added to the
crustal surface.
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At a transform boundary, two plates slip past one
another laterally. This boundary is classified as
conservative because the plate movements are
basically parallel to the boundary, a situation that
neither creates new crust or destroys old. Transform
faults are associated with a great deal of seismic
activity, commonly producing shallow-focus
earthquakes.
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Refers to all the occurrences connected with the origin and the
movement of molten rock
This includes explosive volcanic eruptions and the solidification of molten
material below the surface
&- Magma extruding onto Earth¶s surface, where it will cool and
harden
The ejection of lava into the open air can be explosive, destroying the
area around it
Items such as rock fragments, lava blobs, ashes, and dust can be
hurled up with the lava in large quantities
- Solid rock fragment thrown into the air by volcanic
explosions
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Some volcanoes have an active life for only a few years, whereas
other volcanoes are randomly active for thousands of years
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Magma contains:
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When lava hardens it releases the nutrient into the soil which could take
decades of centuries
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A lava flow spreads outward parallel with the surface it¶s flowing over
The speed and distance covered by a lava flow depends on its thickness
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High-Silica Lava-
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Scientists think that the dinosaur¶s extinction was a result of the flood
basalt eruptions of the Deccan Traps
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Explosively erupt
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May develop within craters of composite volcanoes when the thick lava
moves up the vent
Their cone-shaped peaks are built from the pyroclastic materials that
were ejected from the volcano vent
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The diameter is many times larger than the original volcanic vent(s)
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Volcanic necks represent the throat of an old volcano that filled with
solidified lava after its final eruption
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There are more than 50 volcanoes that have erupted within the last 200
years in the United States
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The U.S. Geological Survey and research universities are now looking
back at previous eruptions to map out the most likely paths of
pyroclastic flows and mudflows from volcanoes
Knowing this can help authority figures to know where to evacuate local
populations when the next volcano erupts
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Sulfur dioxide can mix with water and come down to land as sulfuric
acid
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The ejection of pyroclastic material and gases from a volcano can form
an eruption column
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Large fragments of solid rick drop to the ground immediately around the
volcano (also called volcanic bombs)
Result from the collapse of a lava dome or from the rapid subsidence of
an eruption column during an explosive eruption of a volcano
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Produced when slow flowing magma gets trapped between horizontal
rock.
Resists magma flow and becomes mushroom shaped - forms hills.
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Usually narrow.
Least visible.