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WCDMA Principle
www.huawei.com
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
1G 1980s 2G 1990s 3G
Analog Digital IMT-2000
AMPS GSM
GSM
UMTS
UMTS
CDMA
CDMA WCDMA
WCDMA
TACS Technologies IS-95
IS-95 Demands
drive drive cdma
cdma
NMT TDMA
TDMA 2000
2000
IS-136
IS-136
Others TD-
TD-
PDC
PDC SCDMA
SCDMA
Proposal of 3G
Error Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
WCDMA
WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA
cdma2000 TD-SCDMA
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP CDMA CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: cdma2000 RTT: TD-SCDMA
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
FDMA TDMA
Power
Power
y
Tim e nc
e qu
CDMA Fre
Power
Time ncy
Freque
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Duplex Technology
Power Time
USER 2
FDD USER 1
UL DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
USER 2
UL
DL
TDD DL
USER 1
UL
Frequency
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Uu
UE
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
MBMS
HSUPA
IMS
CS domain change to NGN HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
GSM/GPRS CN WCDMA RTT
WCDMA RTT 3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
Features of R6
MBMS is introduced
HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
Features of R7
HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO
Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
Features of R8
WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced
OFDMA is adopted instead of CDMA
Max DL rate: 50Mbps, Max UL rate: 100Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
C-plane signaling UuS boundary
U-plane information
control
RRC L3
control
control
control
control
MAC L2/MAC
PHY L1
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes are lo
gically independent of each other.
Physical Layer
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
User Plane User Plane
Transport
Network ALCAP
ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
ATM
Physical Layer
ATM
Physical Layer
NCP CCP
Transport Network
Control Plane
ATM
Physical Layer
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
User Plane User Plane
Transport
Network ALCAP
ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
ATM
Physical Layer
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
modulated
bit symbol chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
modulated
bit symbol chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when interfer
ence occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types
No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
No Coding Uncoded N bits
1/2 Convolutional
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coding
Code Block
of N Bits 1/3 Convolutional Coded 3N+24 bits
Coding
Effect
Input bits
0010000 ... 10111
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 ... Interleaving periods:
... ... ... ... 20, 40, or 80 ms
... ... ... 1
0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 00…010…100…10…11 Output bits
0 0 ...
Inter-column
permutation ... ... ... ...
... ... ... 1
0 1 1 1
modulated
bit symbol chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1
+1 Correlation = 1
C2 -1 1 -1 1
Identical signals
-1
+1 1 1 1 1
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1 Correlation = 0
+1 1 1 1 1
C2 Orthogonal signals
+1
-1 1 -1 1
-1
UE1:
UE1: +11
+ -11
-
UE2:
UE2: -11
- +11
+
CC1 : : -11 +
- +11 -
-11 +
+11 -11 +
- +11 -
-11 +
+11
1
CC2 : : +11 +
+ +11 +
+11 +
+11 +11 +
+ +11 +
+11 +
+11
2
UE1×c1
UE1×c1:: -11 +
- +11 -
-11 +
+11 +11 -
+ -11 +
+11 -
-11
UE2×c2
UE2×c2:
: -11 -
- -11 -
-11 -
-11 +11 +
+ +11 +
+11 +
+11
UE1×c1 + UE2×c2
UE1×c1+ UE2×c2:
: -22 00 -
- -22 00 +
+22 00 +
+22 00
UE1×C + UE2×C
UE1×C1 1+ UE2×C2:2: -22 00 -
- -22 00 +
+22 00 +
+22 00
UE1
UE1Dispreading
Dispreadingbybyc1:
c1: -11 +
- +11 --11 +
+11 -
-11 ++11 -
-11 +
+11
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result: +22 00 +
+ +22 00 - -22 00 -
-22 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment: +44(means
+ +1)1) -
(means+ -44(means -1)1)
(means-
UE2
UE2Dispreading
Dispreadingbybyc2:
c2: +11 +
+ +11 ++11 +
+11 +
+11 ++11 +
+11 ++11
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result: -22 00 -
- -22 00 + +22 00 ++22 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment: -44(means
- -1)1) +
(means- +44(means +1)1)
(means+
P(f)
f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal
f Spreading code f
Eb / No = Ec / No ×PG
Power
Ebit
Eb/No
Requirement
Max allowed interference
Interference from
other UE
Echip
Process Gain
chip rate
Pr ocess Gain 10 log( )
bit rate
channelization scrambling
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for scrambli
ng of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by RN
C.
For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.
…………
Primary
scrambling Group 1 ……
codes for
downlink Primary scrambling
physical … code 8
channels
Primary
scrambling code
Group 63 8*63
……
Primary
scrambling code
64 primary 8*63 +7
512 primary
scrambling scrambling code Each group consists of 8
codes groups primary scrambling codes
Scrambling code
User 1 signal
Channelization code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code 3
User 3 signal
Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal
Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
User 2 signal NodeB
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal
modulated
bit symbol chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input 1 0 1 0
time
Basic steady radio
wave:
carrier = A.cos(2pFt+f)
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)
1 0 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Information t
signal
NRZ coding
Digital Input
1
t
-1
High Frequency
Carrier
fo
Carrier
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modulated
BPSK Waveform
=0 = =0 BPSK BPSK
signal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NRZ Input 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
I di-Bit Stream 1 -1 -1 1 -1
Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 -1 -1
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NRZ I(t)
coding
fo
QPSK
90o
NRZ Q(t)
coding
±A ±Acos(ot + /2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QPSK Waveform
1,-1 -1,-1
NRZ Output 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
Transmitter
modulated
bit symbol chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
Transmitted
Signal
Transmission Loss:
Amplitude
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Signal at Receiver
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35 Fading
-40
Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
Time diversity
Polarization diversity
Correlator 1
The combined
Correlator 2 Combiner signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Uu
UE
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RNC CN
UE
RL
NodeB
UTRAN
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
Physical Channel
Paging Channels
PICH--Paging
PICH--Paging Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
SCCPCH--Secondary
SCCPCH--Secondary Common
Common Control
Control Physical
Physical Channel
Channel
Dedicated Channels
DPDCH--Dedicated
DPDCH--Dedicated Physical
Physical Data
Data Channel
Channel
DPCCH--Dedicated
DPCCH--Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel
Primary ac p ac ac p
p
SCH
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
S-SCH 16 6 11 Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
256 chips
Primary PCPICH
1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time
slot
256 chips
PCCPCH Data
SCH
18 bits
1 radio frame: T = 10 ms
f
N paging indicators {PI0, …, PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or
144
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)
Data
Data N data bits
Pilot TFCI
Control NPilot bits NTFCI bits
5120 chips
Access slot #1
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #8
Random Access Transmission
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
20 ms
Data
DPDCH Ndata bits
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2k bits (k=4)
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
ACK/NACK CQI
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
RAC PRACH
CCCH
H
FACH S-CCPCH
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
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increase preamble transmit power Increase message part power by
p-m based on preamble power
The counter of preamble retransmit
Subtract 1, Commanded preamble power Send the corresponding message part
increased by Power Ramp Step
N
Report the physical status to MAC
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
END
b 0 b 1 b2 b3 Antenna 1
b 0 b1 b2 b 3
(Tx
acp OFF) acp acp
Antenna 1
i,0 (Tx i,2 i,14
acs OFF) acs acs
Antenna 2
(Tx i,1 (Tx (Tx
OFF) acs OFF) OFF)