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12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 1
Vascular surgery evolution
The first elective operation for treatment of an aneurysm
was reported by the most famous surgeon in Greek
antiquity,ANTYLLUS, in the 2nd century.
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 2
contd
Sutures should be made with very fine
needles while the wall is somewhat
stretched.Stenosis or occlusion only
occurs-faulty technique-which is still
valid 100 years later.
In 1910, he demonstrated that blood
vessels could be kept in cold storage for
long periods before transplanting them.
Carrel won the noble prize for this
work in 1912 “in recognition of his
work on vascular suture and
transplantation of blood vessel.”
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 3
Arterial Disorders
Raynaud’s disease
Vasculitis
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 4
Venous Disorders
Varicose Veins
Superficial Thrombophlebitis
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 5
AntiPhospholipid Antibody
Syndrome
syn. Hughes Syndrome
Arterial and Venous thrombosis
History-
First noted in pts positive for syphilis
1952- clotting disorder asso. with SLE
1957- linked to recurrent pregnancy loss
1963 & 1972 – term “Lupus anticoagulant”
1983 – Dr Graham Hughes – association between APL
antibodies and arterial and venous thrombosis
1985 – ELISA test for detection of ACA
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 6
AntiPhospholipid Antibody
Syndrome
Types:
PRIMARY SECONDARY
Mechanism:
Classes Of Antibodies –
a) Anticardiolipin Antibody (IgG,IgA,IgM)
b) Lupus Anticoagulant
c) Antibodies against specific molecules e.g.β-2-glycoprotein
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 7
AntiPhospholipid Antibody
Syndrome
Prevalence 2-4%
50% - Primary APLAS
SLE – 30% will develop APLAS
MISCARRIAGES
PRETERM LABOR
PRE-ECLAMPSIA
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
THROMBOCYTOPENIA (20-40%)
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 9
AntiPhospholipid Antibody
Syndrome
WHEN TO EVALUATE
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 10
AntiPhospholipid Antibody
Syndrome
TREATMENT
Anticoagulation – Heparin Oral
Long term Life Long ( risks – 3% chance per year of major
h’hage, 1/5th fatal)
Anti-platelet drugs – Aspirin
LMWH
Pregnancy – Heparin / LMWH
PROPHYLAXIS (APLAS without thrombotic problems)
Aspirin
Lifestyle Modification
Control of Risk factors – HTN, Smoking, Cholesterol levels,
12/08/21 Weight control DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 11
AntiPhospholipid Antibody
Syndrome
Special Prenatal/Birth/Neonatal Considerations
Ideally, one should seek medical advice before becoming
pregnant.
Once pregnancy is achieved
to see Obstetrician - to decide on the need for treatment
frequent office visits will be needed to:
Screen for preeclampsia,
Fetal Monitoring
Ultrasound examinations to check the growth of the baby.
For patients on heparin
extra blood tests may be needed to adjust the dose depending on
the type of heparin being used, and the past history of the patient.
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 12
AntiPhospholipid Antibody
Syndrome
PREGNANCY:
Pre Pregnancy Counselling
Heparin (s/c)± Low Dose Aspirin
LMWH
Aspirin ± Prednisone X X X X
Low Dose Aspirin
Intravenous Immune Globulin (IVIG)
Immunosupression
Steroids Catastrophic
Plasmapheresis
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 13
Raynaud’s disease
1862 – Maurice Raynaud
Prevalence – 3-5%
Episodic events – vasoconstriction (digital
arteries, precapillary arterioles & cutaneous AV
shunts)
vs Acrocyanosis
Exaggeration of the physiologic response to cold
temperature or stress.
Manifestation of generalised vasospastic
disorder.e.g.pts who have Prinzemetal’s angina,
migraines, or scleroderma.
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 14
Raynaud’s disease
H/o sensitivity to cold/ episodic pallor or cyanosis
Triphasic reaction (white>blue>red)
Involves- fingers, toes, tip of the nose, ear lobes.
PRIMARY* SECONDARY
SYMMETRIC ASYMMETRIC
ABSENCE OF PAINFUL ISCHAEMIC
-TISSUE NECROSIS SKIN LESIONS
-ULCERATION C/f s.o. CONN. TISSUE
-GANGRENE DISORDERS (arthritis,myalgia,
-SECONDARY CAUSE abnormal lung fn,fever etc)
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 16
Raynaud’s disease
Treatment
NonPharmacological
Avoidance of cold temp / prolong vibrations
Reduce emotional stress
Avoid Smoking
Calcium channel Blockers
Other Agents
Sympatholytic drugs
ARBs
Fluoxetine
I.V. Prostaglandins
Awaited
Cilostazole
Sildenafil
Bosentan (endothelin receptor inhibitor)
Sympathectomy
Proximal ???
12/08/21 Localised Digital √ √DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 17
Vasculitis
AutoImmune Disease
Inflammation of the blood vessels
Symptoms – depend on which blood vessels are inflamed
Fatigue
Sleep disturbances
Memory Loss
Emotional Liability
Depression
Low Thyroid Function
G I disturbances
Headaches/Chemical Sensitivity
Fungal Infections
Low Blood Sugar
Pain – Tingling/Ringing ears/Cold Toes/Cold Fingers
Overdoing
Fluttering Heart/Tachycardia/Panic Attacks/Mitral valve Prolapse
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 18
Vasculitis
IMMUNE SYSTEM MALFUNCTION
CONSUMPTION OF ASPARTATE (IN DIET DRINKS/ARTIFICIAL
SWEETNERS etc.)
CHLORINATED AND FLORIDATED WATER ???
POOR CELLULAR COMMUNICATION
HEAVY MOL WT CARBOHYDRATES (LONG CHAINED)
PROVIDE INGREDIENTS FOR CELL MARKERS
HIGHLY ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
CODING CAPACITY BETTER THAN AMINO ACIDS *
OVER ACTIVATED, OUT OF BALANCE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Stress
Infections – Bacterial , Fungal (Candida), Viral (e.g.Herpes)
Toxins – produced by infecting organism, from environment
Liver dysfunction
Steroids
Enzyme deficiency – Digestive/Metabolic
Hypercoagulation/ HypoOxygenation
Glutathione Deficiency
*Acta Anatomica
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 19
Vasculitis
Management
Weighing the available options
Steroids
Chemotherapeutic Agents
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 20
Venous Disorders
Varicose Veins
Superficial Thrombophlebitis
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 21
Varicose Veins
Pregnancy
Pressure on veins
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 22
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 23
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 24
Varicose Veins
Management
Non Operative
Self resolving (within six weeks)
After 6 weeks
if problematic/ unacceptable
Graduated Compression Stockings
Surgery
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 25
Varicose Veins
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 26
Varicose Veins
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 27
Superficial Thrombophlebitis
in blood coagulation
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 28
Superficial Thrombophlebitis
Traumatic
Varicose Veins
Oral contraceptives
Pregnancy
Infection (e.g. Staph., Pseud., Kleb., Anaerobes)
Migratory (e.g. Cancer, Vasculitis, Buerger’s)
Mondor’s Disease
Unusual forms
palmar digital veins
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 29
Superficial Thrombophlebitis
Diagnosis
Painful cord like structure
Redness along the vein
Tenderness
Fever
Investigations
Duplex scan
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 30
Superficial Thrombophlebitis
Management
Underlying disorder
Remove offending agents (e.g.IV cannula)
Antibiotics
NSAIDs
Anticoagulation
Excision of the suppurating vein
Application of massive warm wet compresses
Elevation of the extremity
Immobilization
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 31
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
LEADING CAUSE OF
DEATH
1-3 /1000
PREGNANCIES
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 32
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Pathophysiology-
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 33
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Pathophysiology-
Independent risk factors
Prolong Bed rest
Multiparity (>3)
Overweight
Pre-eclampsia
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 34
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Pathophysiology-
Alteration in Coagulation/Fibrinolytic System
Factor II, VII, X (middle of Pregnancy)
Fibrin
Protein S
Protein C
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 35
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Diagnosis
Calf veins or Ilio-femoral segment
Predilection for Left side
S/s
Swelling
Tenderness
Skin Discolouration
Warm to touch
Venography
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 37
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Diagnostic tests
Duplex Ultrasonography
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 38
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Diagnostic tests
Spiral CT Venography
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 39
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Diagnostic tests
Nuclear Imaging
IPG
MRI
D-dimer
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 40
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Radiation Exposure
Procedure Fetal radiation dose (mrads)
CXR <1
Limited Venography <50
Perfusion Lung Scan 6-12
Ventilation Lung Scan 1-19
CT Chest 30
Pulm Angio (femoral) 221-374
Pulm Angio (brachial) <50
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 41
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING
Blood Tests
PREGNANCY
Factor V Leiden
Protein C
Protein S
ACA and LA antibodies
Activated Protein C resistance (APC-R)
AntiThrombin III
Homocystein
Prothrombin gene mutation
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 42
Pulmonary Embolism
Major nonobstetric cause of
maternal mortality
Cause of Death
2 / 100,000 maternities
Maximum – Peripartum
More after operative
intervention
Subtle presentation
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 43
Pulmonary Embolism
Diagnostic tests
Pulmonary Angiography
Spiral CT Scan
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 44
Pulmonary Embolism
Diagnostic tests
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 45
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Management
Medical/Pharmacological
Anticoagulation
Anti-platelet agents
Surgical
Venous Thrombectomy
Thrombolysis
Endovascular
IVC Filter placement
Others
Hydration
Early Mobilization
Graduated Compression Stockings
Pneumatic compression devices
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 46
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Medical/Pharmacological
Unfractionated Heparin/LMWH
Oral Anticoagulation
Antiplatelet agents
New Molecules
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
Lepirudin, Desirudin, Argatroban, Ximelagatran
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 47
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Surgical
Venous Thrombectomy –
Ilio-femoral DVT
Pulmonary Embolectomy
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 48
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Surgical
Thrombolysis
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 49
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Endovascular
Temporary
Permanent
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 50
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Others
Hydration
EarlyMobilization
Graduated Compression Stockings
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 51
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
PROPHYLAXIS
Risk Assessment
Present status
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 52
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
PROPHYLAXIS
Past h/o DVT in pregnancy, no other
thrombotic risk factors
Antenatal thrombo-prophylaxis
S/c Heparin+/- GCS
S/c Heparin/LMWH Warfarin (INR 2-2.5)
GCS 6-12 wks (if anticoagulation contraindicated)
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 53
BMJ 1992
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
PROPHYLAXIS
Known inherited/acquired thrombophilia
Postpartum +/- Antepartum thromboprophylaxis
Individual consideration
No past h/o DVT/Thrombophilia, but with
other risk factors in combination
Postpartum thromboprophylaxis
S/c Heparin
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 54
BMJ 1992
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
PROPHYLAXIS IN CAESERIAN SECTION
Low Risk
Elective C-section – uncomplicated pregnancy
No risk factors
Moderate Risk
Age, Weight, Parity, Varicose Veins, Immobility, Sepsis, Pre-
eclampsia, Emergency C-section, Major Current Illness
High Risk
3 or more mod risk factors, Extended major pelvic/abd surgery
e.g.Caeserian hysterectomy
Personal/family H/o DVT/PE/thrombophilia, Paraparesis
Pt with APLAS
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 55
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
PROPHYLAXIS IN CAESERIAN SECTION
Low Risk
Early Mobilization
Hydration
Moderate Risk
One of variety of prophylactic measures
Subcutaneous Heparin
Mechanical devices
High Risk
Heparin Prophylaxis +/- Leg Stockings
Report12/08/21 against Thromboembolism in Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 56
DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta
of the RCOG Working Party on prophylaxis (and management) London:
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1995
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Key Points
Even 1st trimester carries risk of thrombosis (2/3rd antepartum
deaths)
Additional risk factors/ family history / known thrombophilia may
indicate thromboprophylaxis
Close attention should be paid to any pregnant woman c/o leg/chest
symptoms for e/o DVT/PE
All women undergoing C-section should be assessed for prophylaxis
against VTE
Midwives, GPs & other medical staff should take particular attention
of women with chest or leg symptoms after vaginal delivery
Women with risk factors for DVT should be carefully screened and
considered for thromboprophylaxis
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 57
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Prevention:
Weight control
Avoid prolong immobility
Leg elevation
Avoid OCPs containing high dose of Estrogens
Adequate hydration
Avoid Smoking/Alcohol intake
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 58
VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
DURING PREGNANCY
Take Home Message
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 59
Vascular Control in
Gynaecological Surgery
MODALITIES AVAILABLE
Open Vascular
Endovascular
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 60
Vascular Control in
Gynaecological Surgery
OPEN VASCULAR
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 61
Vascular Control in
Gynaecological Surgery
ENDOVASCULAR
Balloon Occlusion
Stent Graft
Embolisation –
Coil
Foam particles etc.
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 62
12/08/21 DrU.Gupta,Dr.N.K.Gupta 63