DEFINITION OF WATER POLLUTION

"Water pollution is the introduction of creatures life, matter,

energy and / or other components into the water by human
activities so that water quality down to a certain level that causes
the water does not work anymore in accordance with the
designation “

(PP. 20/1990 on the Control of Water Pollution Article 1, point 2).

Industry Cities Urban sprawl
Nitrogen oxides Toxic metals Bacteria and viruses Construction sites
from autos and and oil from from Sediments are washed into
smokestacks, streets and sewers and septic waterways, choking fish and
toxic chemicals, parking lots tanks contaminate plants, clouding waters, and
and heavy metals in pollute waters; shellfish beds blocking sunlight.
effluents flow into
bays and estuaries.
Farms
Runoff of pesticides, manure, and
fertilizers adds toxins and excess
nitrogen and phosphorus.
Red tides
Closed Excess nitrogen causes
shellfish beds explosive growth of
toxicmicroscopic algae,
Closed poisoning fish and
beach marine mammals.
Oxygen-depleted
zone

Toxic sediments
Chemicals and toxic
metals contaminate
shellfish beds, kill
spawning fish, and
accumulate in the tissues
of bottom feeders.
Oxygen-depleted zone Healthy zone
Sedimentation and algae Clear, oxygen-rich
overgrowth reduce sunlight, waters promote growth
kill beneficial sea grasses, use of plankton and sea grasses,
up oxygen, and degrade habitat. and support fish.
Fig. 21-10, p. 505
 LEAD(Pb)

 Lead is known as a metal element Pb in the composition is a heavy metal

found naturally in the earth's crust and spread into the wild in small numbers
through natural processes including volcanic eruptions and geochemical
processes
 Pb is a soft metal is bluish or silvery gray with a melting point at 327.5 º C
and boiling point 1740 ° C at atmospheric pressure
 Lead has the largest atomic number of all stable elements, namely 82.
 Lead is highly toxic metal. As with mercury which is also a heavy metal
Lead Poisoning
 Lead has no known biological function.
 There is no proven safe lower limit for lead.
 Lead Pb++, competes with Ca++, Fe++
 It is cheap, useful,easy to mine, therefore
 Lead is ubiquitous- in air, food, water, soil,
ceilings etc.
 Leaded petrol means that all environmental
dusts are high in lead- contaminating
ceiling dust, topsoil, window wells etc.

4
 *Sources of Lead
*  Paint (until 1970)
*  Petrol (tetraethyl lead)
* Household dust (via settlement of air pollution)
* Ceiling dust
* Occupational
* Solder
* Ceramic glazes
*  Pesticides (lead arsenate)
* Cigarettes
*  Mines, smelters 5
*More Uses and
Sources of Lead
* TV's, Computer monitors
*  Batteries, Bullets Sinkers
* Aviation
* X-ray shields
* Crystal-ware (high levels in decanters)
* Explosives
* Non-stick linings of pots (in the past)
* Plastic colouring (wire, blinds)
* Pewter
6
presence of lead in the
environment

lead

wate
air soil
r

8
THE SOURCE PB IN THE WATER

• Naturally:
 Pb can enter the water body through the
crystallization of Pb in the air with the help of
rain water
 The erosion of rock minerals that many nearby
waters

• From human activity:

 effluent (waste) of Pb-related industries,
wastewater from mining tin ore and waste the
rest of the battery industry.
Figure 1 Shows the flow of lead exposure on humans
 The types of industrial waste
containing lead metal 
No Limbah Logam Berat

1 Kertas Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni

2 Petro-chemical Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn

3 Pengelantang Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn

4 Pupuk Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu,Ni

5 Kilang Minyak Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu

6 Baja Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Sn

7 Logam Bukan Besi Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu

8 Kendaraan Bermotor, Pesawat Terbang Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Sn

9 Gelas, Semen, Keramik Cr

10 Tekstil Cr
11 Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap Cr, Zn

11
GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82
YEAR 2001 DATED 14 DECEMBER 2001
GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82 YEAR 2001 DATED 14
DECEMBER 2001
CASE EXAMPLE
Desa Kemaduh Kecamatan Baron Kabupaten Nganjuk Kali Klinter

 The waters have been contaminated by

waste from PT Jaya Paper (Jaker) located
at Jalan Raya Surabaya-Madiun precisely
in the Village Nglawak Kertosono
 Waste disposed PT Jaker form sludge or
the fibers of the paper materials that
escaped from the screen and waste water
treatment unit that contains heavy metal
lead.
 waste of time the water began to seep
kesumur citizen-wells that cause heavy
metal contaminated wells earga.
Desa Kemaduh Kecamatan Baron Kabupaten Nganjuk Kali Klinter

No Nama Pemilik Sumur Kandungan Acuan terhadap

Pb(Mg/L) Baku Mutu
Ibu Sumali 0,03 sesuaiKetentuan
Bapak Mulyadi 0,036 0,06 Melebihi
Ketentuan
Bapak Muharjo 0,03822 0,0822 Melebihi
Ketentuan
Bapak Suwito < 0,0030 0,05 Dibawah
Ketentuan
TELUK JAKARTA

 The presence of pollution because in general the

rivers that flow into the bay into a variety of
industrial waste disposal site and surrounding
residential
 content of heavy metals in sediment of Jakarta
Bay are very worrying. namely Hg (0.427 to
0.554 µg / g), Cd (0.52 to 1.72 µg / g), and Pb
(27.8 to 104.9 µg / g), while the results of research
Diniyab (1995) revealed the heavy metal content
in the waters of Jakarta Bay as follows, Hg (tid -
0.0008 µg/m1), Cd (0.084 to 0.096 µg / ml), and
Pb (1.570 to 1.750 µg / m1)
three metal removal process
of Pb from water into the
body of organisms

 Precipitation

 Adsorption

 Absorpsion

19
Absorption
of Lead
 Lead goes down iron or calcium absorption
pathway in GIT.
 Children absorb lead well orally (~50%) cf
adults poorly (~10%). Children also have
more hand to mouth activity.
 Lead absorption is enhanced if diet is poor
in iron or calcium.
 Pica is one of the worst risk factors.
 Lead can be inhaled.
 Tetraethyl lead can be absorbed via skin.
S:\Leadgpc\BB Lead 20
Poisoning.ppt
Absorption of Lead

21
Contribution of
Sources

22
 GEJALA KERACUNAN AKIBAT
PAPARAN PB
1. GASTROENTERISTIS
DISEBABKAN OLEH REAKSI RANGSANG GARAM PB PADA MUKOSA
SALURAN PENCERNAAN SEHINGGA MENYEBABKAN
PEMBENGKAKAN, DAN GERAK KONTRAKSI RUMEN DAN USUS
BERHENTI , PARISTALTIK USUS MENURUN SEGINGGA TERJADI
KONSTIPASI DAN KADANG-KADANG DIARE.

2. ANEMIA
TIMBAL (PB) TERBAWA DALAM DARAH LEBIH DARI 95 %
BERIKATAN DENGAN ERITROSIT SEHINGGA MENYEBABKAN
MUDAH PECAHNYA SEL DARAH MERAH DAN BERPENGARUH
TERHADAP SINTESA HB, SEHINGGA MENYEBABKAN ANEMIA YG
DITANDAI DENGAN ANISOSITIS, POLIKOMRASIA.

3 ENCELOPATI
PB MENYEBABKAN KERUSAKAN SEL ENDOTEL DAN KAPILER
DARAH DI OTAK SEHINGGA MENGAKIBATKAN BERBAGAI
PERUBAHAN ANATOMI BAIK PADA SISTEM SARAF PUSAT MAUPUN
PERIFER.
 GEJALA KERACUNAN PB
PADA ANAK -ANAK
 NAFSU MAKAN BERKURANG
 SAKIT PERUT DAN MUNTAH-MUNTAH
 BERGERAK TERASA KAKU
 KELELAHAN
 TIDAK INGIN BERMAIN
 PEKA TERHADAP RANGSANGAN
 SEMPOYONGAN BILA BERGERAK
 SULIT BICARA
 HASIL TES PSIKOLOGIK TERLIHAT SANGAT RENDAH
 GANGGUAN PERTUMBUHAN OTAK
 KOMA
 GEJALA KERACUNAN PB
PADA ORANG DEWASA
 SAKIT PERUT
 GANGGUAN SALURAN PENCERNAAN ( MUAL,
DIARE, KONSTIPASI).
 NEUROPATI SARAF PERIFER
 KELEMAHAN OTOT TERUTAMA TANGAN DAN KAKI
 LESU DAN LEMAH
 SAKIT KEPALA.
 NAFSU MAKAN HILANG, BERAT BADAN TURUN
 ANEMIA
 HIPERIRITASI
 GANGGUAN TIDUR
 DEPRESI.
27