VEGETABLE PRIORITY SPECIES,

CURRENT PRACTICES AND SPECIES

MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT IN
AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM

By Gerhard Manurung, James Roshetko, Nuri Nurlaila and Novi Astutiningsih

Objectives

 Rank perennial and annual vegetable species on

specific criteria (important characteristics and
adoptions improvement)
 Determine management of species (how the
trees compatible with the vegetables? – shade
versus open ground)
 Value the products of selected the species to the
household and market demand
Methods

 Field Observation in 3 villages (Parakan

Muncang, Sukaluyu and Hambaro) in Nanggung
Subdistrict
 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with using
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tool (Franzel
et al, 1996)
 Each FGD consists of 6-8 farmers (at least 30%
women) with 2 replications in each village
Findings

 There are 28 vegetable priority species (annual and

perennial)
 Priority vegetable species:
- potential to improve farmers income (by their
important characteristics),
- having varieties with high price,
- fulfill market and household demand, and
- farmers possess basic cultivating knowledge-skills
 Four of vegetable species are spices species: ginger,
curcuma, galangal, and lemongrass
 Parkia, gnetum, jackfruit, and jering are the tree
vegetable species
Priority
rank
Vegetable species
1 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller), long-bean (Vigna unguiculata
(L.) Walp. ), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.), bawang daun (Allium fistulosum L), kucai (Allium tuberosum
Rottler ex Sprengel )

2 Petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk.), jengkol (Archidendron jiringa Nielsen),

caisim (Brassica rapa L.), chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), talas (Colocasia
esculenta (L.) Schott), corn (Zea mays L.), kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica
Forsskal), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), serai (Cymbopogon sp.)

3 Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus

Lamk.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), spinach (Amaranthus sp. L.), katuk
(Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merrill), melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.), kunyit
(Curcuma domestica Valeton), lengkuas (Languas galanga Stuntz),
kacang kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), labu siam (Sechium edule
(Jacq.) Swartz), kacang tanah (Arachis hypogea (L.) Merr.), pare
(Momordica charabtia L.), oyong (Luffa sp. P. Miller)
Important characteristic of veg. species

 Level of genetic variability

 Germplasm availability
 Knowledge base
 Speed of reproduction
 Potential for improvement
 Important Characteristic of Vegetable Species

5 Bunga Mekar
Lestari
4
Sugih Tani
Weight

3 RW 02 & 06
Bakti Tani
2
RW 03
1

0
Level of Germplasm Know ledge Speed of Potential for
genetic availability base reproduction improvement
variability
Important characteristics
Potential adoptions improvement of
vegetable species
 Ease of establishment
 Short time to maturity
 Pest/disease/weed resistance
 Adaptability across region
 Compatibility with crops
 Coppicing/pruning ability
 Commercial potential
 Production of planting material
 Use in different niches on farm
 Weight

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ease of
establishment

Short time to
maturity

Pest/disease
resistance

Adaptability
across region

Compatibility with
crops

Coppicing/pruning
ability

Potential adoptions improvement

Commercial
potential

Production of
planting material
Potential Adoptions Improvement of Vegetables Species

Use in different
niches of farm
RW 03
Lestari

Bakti Tani
Sugih Tani
RW 02 & 06
Bunga Mekar
Farmers’ efforts on the availability of
planting material

 Transplant wildlings
 Retain or protect wildlings
 Plant high quality seeds
 Plant high quality seedlings
 Farmer's Efforts on Availability of Planting Material

20
18
16 Bunga Me ka r (13 s pe c ie s )

14 Le s ta ri (14 s pe c ie s )
Number of species

12 Ba kti Ta ni (10 s pe c ie s )
10 RW 03 (10 s pe c ies )
8 Sugih Ta ni (18 s pe c ie s )
6
RW 02 & 07 (17 s pe c ie s )
4
2
0
Transplant Retain / protect Plant high Plant high
w ildlings w ildlings quality seeds quality
seedlings
Activities
Main source of planting materials

 Seed products (market)

 Neighbors’ garden (selected)
 Agriculture extension officer
 Nursery practices
 Owns’ garden (selected)
 Main Source of Planting Materials

10
9
8
7 B unga M ekar (13 s pecies )
Number of species

6 Les tari (14 s pecie s )

B akti Tani (10 s pecies )
5
R W 03 (10 s pecies )
4 S ugih Ta ni (18 s pec ie s )
3 R W 02 & 07 (17 s pec ies )
2
1
0
Seed Neighbor's Agricultural Nursery Ow n's
products garden extension practices garden
(market) (selected) officer (selected)
Sources of planting material
Current management practices

Two types of growing system:

 Two annual vegetables were planted in the same
area and same time, exp: long-bean and kidney-
bean.
Limited accessibility and information
 Four annual vegetables were planted in the same
area with different planting time (seasonal –
regularly following cycle), exp: long-bean –
cucumber – kidney-bean – maize.
Market demand and soil conservation
 Pest-disease situation

 Main 10 pests that attack vegetable priority species:

lundi, grasshopper, red ant, black ant, catterpillar,
wereng, bug flea, termites, walang sangit, and snail
 To control the pest that attacks root system, farmers
use pesticide called “furadan”
 To control the pest that attacks shoot system, farmers
use sprayed pesticide called “ripcord”
 Farmers limited access on knowledge and skills for
pesticide doses and time applications
 Problems in Vegetable Agroforestry
System (VAF)

 High competition for water and nutrition between

annual crops and trees decrease annual crops
production
 Tree canopy shading reduce light intensity for annual
crops
 Trees can be a host for several vegetables’ pests and
diseases
 Rainfall that collected by tree canopy can fall and
damage annual crops
 Light intensity levels under tree canopy

 High light intensity level: sengon tree ( Paraserienthes

falcataria), petai tree (Parkia speciosa), and suren tree
(Toona sureni)
 Medium light intensity level: african wood tree
(Maesopsis eminii), suren tree, durian tree (Durio
zibethinus), jengkol tree (Pithecellobium jiringa)
 Low light intensity level: duku tree (Lansium
domesticum), durian tree, mangga tree (Mangifera
indica), mangosteen tree (Garcinia mangostana),
jengkol tree, bamboos, mahoni tree ( Swietenia
macrophylla), rambutan tree (Nephelium lappaceum),
kweni tree (Mangifera odorata)
 Grow and production performances of
annual vegetable under tree canopy

 Long-bean, kidney-bean, chinese mustard, onion-

leaf, cucumber, tomato, maize, spinach, soybeans,
eggplant, and kangkong have low until to very low
grow and production under the 3 tree light levels
 Chilli, katuk, bitter gourd, oyong, and lemongrass
have medium grow and production under the 3
tree light levels
 The grow and production levels of alpine galangal,
kucai, ginger, and turmeric will decrease in a row
with decreasing of tree light levels.
Vegetable product and handling

 5%-20% of products were used to fulfill the

subsistance need (medium to low qualities)
 80%-90% of products were sold to market (good to
medium qualities)
 ≤5% of products were used as the germplasm
source (good quality)
 Harvesting, selecting, washing or packing are the
handling practices of products
 Production dan marketing situations
 Marketing of products are carried out in 2 ways
(wholesale and retail)
 Retail: if the production scale is small and only sold

to market in the surrounding area (nearby

shop/neighbors)
 Wholesale: if the production scale is large; the sale

is done either directly by the farmers (in traditional

markets) or through a local collector (tengkulak)
 The sale destination depends on the distance of the
villages to the market
 Leuwiliang, Nanggung, Jasinga, and Bogor markets are
the common sale destination
 The difference in sale destinations indirectly affects
the price of vegetable products for every farmer
group
 There are three price tendencies according to the
time of season (beginning, middle, and end), which
are :
 increasing (for farmer groups in Parakan Muncang)

 stable (for farmer groups in Hambaro)

 decreasing (for farmer groups in Sukaluyu)

Thank you