Well Testing

Introduction
Some types of wells:
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Introduction (cont.)
Gas Condensate Well:


Gas condensate wells differ essentially in their behavior

from gas wells .
As the gas is being produced, the pressure decreases
below the dew point pressure, leading to condensation
of liquids out of the gas “isothermal condensation”.
Due to lower permeability of liquid, most of the
condensed liquid in the reservoir is unrecoverable
“condensate loss”.
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Introduction (cont.)
Gas Condensate Well:


 A gas condensate well will

generally yield from about 30 to
300 barrels of liquid condensate
per MMSCF of gas.
 Oil barrel price is about 84 $.
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 It’srange of 5000 to 10000 ft deep, at 3000 psi to 8000
psi and a temperature from 200oF to 400oF.

These pressure and temperature ranges, together with wide

composition ranges lead to gas condensate fluids that have
very different behavior.
 Flow
Behaiver
Introduction (cont.)

GAS CONDENSATE FLOW BEHAVIOR:

The reservoir behavior of a gas condensate system will
depend on both the phase envelope of the fluid and the
conditions of the reservoir.
Phase envelope (P-T diagram) is shown in Figure 1.
Well depletion :
Decrease of well production with time.
Well mobility:
Indicates how easy production flow through well.

Gas Condensate
Phase Envelope
 Condensate
reservoir
Immobility Increase

Figure 1
Gas condensate CVD CCE
reservoir

Gas reservoir

Reservoir Depletion
Introduction (cont.)

Drawdown Behavior
Well depletion main flow regions:
1.Near- wellbore Region 1: Around the wellbore,
region with high condensate saturation
where both gas and liquid coexist.
2.Condensate buildup Region 2: Region where
the condensate is dropping out of the gas.
The condensate phase is immobile and only
gas is flowing.
3.Single phase gas Region 3: Region containing
only the original reservoir gas.

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

Figure 2
 Figure 3

Schematic Gas Condensate Flow Behavior

 MATERIAL BALANCE:
Estimating hydrocarbons
in place and future
reservoir performance .
The material balance
equation states that
the initial volume in
place equals the sum
of the volume
remaining and the
volume produced.
MATERIAL BALANCE:
The equation is built on the principle of
conservation of mass :
Mass of fluids originally in place = fluids
produced + remaining reserves.
The pressure in the reservoir will drop below the
original
value. As a consequence of this pressure drop, a
number of things will happen:
1.Water may start flowing into the reservoir.
2.Gas may condensate.
1.
 Gas Reservoir Material Balance
Equations

For no water influx

 G*Bgi=(G−Gp)Bg


With water production

 G*Bgi=(G−Gp)Bg+(We−Wp)
G = total initial gas in place in reservoir
Gp = cumulative gas produced.

Bg = volume at reservoir conditions per volume at standard

conditions.
Bgi=gas formation volume factor at intial condition.

Wp = cumulative water.

We = cumulative water influx.


Graphical Form of
Material Balance
For volumetric gas reservoirs in which there is
no water influx and negligible water
production:


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 z= ((Deviation factor
equation) )
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 (( Gas formation volume
factor ) )
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What is well testing
A tool for reservoir evaluation and characterization
ØInvestigates a much larger volume of the reservoir
than records.
ØProvides informations about :
1. Permeability.
2. Near- wellbore conditions.
3. Distances to boundaries ‘‘volume’’.
4. Average pressure.
Importance of well testing
1. Analyzing reservoir performance and forecast future
production.
2. Determine productivity problems.
3. Selection of production Facilities and Supporting Devices.
4. Facilities design.
5. Pipeline design.
6. Well head devices design.
7.
8.
 Well test

Pressure transient Deliverability

S in g le w e ll M u ltiw e llte st
te st

Flow-after-flow Single-point Isochronal Modified

Isochronal
 Pressure Transient
 In pressure transient tests pressure is generated and measured
as it change in well as a function of time maintaining
constant flow rate.
 Formation properties can be determined to optimize either an
individual completion or a depletion plan for reservoir.
 Quantifying important reservoir rock and fluid properties.


t
Single well test
S in g le w e ll te sts a re u se d to
m e a su re :
P re ssu re B u ild u p .
P re ssu re
D ra w d o w n .
Multi well test
Deliverability Tests
Deliverability tests are flow tests designed to measure
the production capability of a well under specific
reservoir conditions.
By measuring the production at a constan rate.
The productivity indicator is absolute open flow
(AOF) which is the maximum rate at which a well
could flow against a theoretical atmospheric
backpressure .
Another and important application is to get a reservoir
inflow performance relationship (IPR) .
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Deliverability Tests cont.
Types:


1.Flow-after-flow tests are conducted by

producing the well at a series of different
stabilized flow rates and measuring the
stabilized bottom hole pressure (BHP).
2.Single-point test is conducted by flowing the
well at a single rate until the (BHFP) is
stabilized.
3.Isochronal and Modified Isochronal tests are
for short period test time for wells that
needs long period to stabilize. They are
done by a series of single-point tests with
operating and shut in periods.