SDH Transport

Systems

EAGLE PHOTONICS
SYNCHRONIZATION OF DIGITAL
SIGNAL :

SYNCHRONOUS SIGNAL:

 In a set of Synchronous signals, the digital transitions in the signals occur

at exactly the same rate. There may be a phase difference between the
transitions of the two signals, and this would lie on specified limits.

 SDH is a transmission protocol or it is a set of rules for transmitting the

data from source to destination via optical fiber.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Requirement Of Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy ( SDH )
 Need for extensive network management capability within the
hierarchy.
 Standard interfaces between equipment.
 Need for inter-working between north American and European
systems.
 Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed
signal.
 Standardization of equipment management process.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Node View - TJ100MC1

Line Diagram

EAGLE PHOTONICS
E1 Tributary Card - TET16/TET21/TET28

E3/DS3 Tributary Card - TE31

TP01

TP01FT

STM-1 Tributary Card - A011

STM-1e/E4 Tributary Card - A1E4

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Node view - TJ100MC4

Line Diagram

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Tributary Card E1- TET16/TET21/TET28
Tributary Card E3/DS3 - TE31
3 E3/DS3 Tributary Card - TE33
Ethernet Tributary Card – ETC
Ethernet Tributary Card – ETCFT
TP01
TP01FT
STM1 card ΠA011 or A012
STM-1e/E4 Tributary Card - A1E4
STM-1e Tributary Card - A012E
STM-4 Tributary Card - A041,A041VLR
TR01
EAGLE PHOTONICS
TJ100 MC-1 & TJ100 MC-4 can be
configured as Regenerator (REG),
Terminal Multiplexers (TMUX),
Add-Drop Multiplexers (ADM) and
Digital Cross-Connect (DXC)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
SDH Networ k
Elements

EAGLE PHOTONICS
The Network Elements of
SDH Network :

 Regenerator (Reg.)
 Terminal Multiplexer
(TM)
 Add/Drop Multiplexer
(ADM)
 Digital Cross Connect
(DXC)
EAGLE PHOTONICS
egenerator (Reg.)

STM- STM-
N Regenerator N

It mainly performs 3R function:

1R – Reamplification
2R – Retiming
3R – Reshaping
It regenerates the clock and amplifies the
incoming distorted and attenuated signal.
It derive the clock signal from the EAGLE PHOTONICS
Regenerator

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

PDH Terminal STM-N

SDH Multiplexer

It combines the Plesionchronous and

synchronous input signals into higher bit
rate STM-N Signal.
EAGLE PHOTONICS
Terminal Multiplexer

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 5 6 7

1 1 2 3 4

2 1

3
Tributaries . Line Interface (aggregate)
.

(Optional)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Add / Drop
STM-N STM-N
Multiplexer

PDH SDH

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Add/Drop Multiplexer

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Add / Drop illustration:
Synchronous
1 is dropped; 17 is added Transport
Drop 1

5 60 Module
1 21 25 34 3

2 1

Tributaries 3
...
17 Add 17

5 60
21 25 34 3

EAGLE PHOTONICS
ADM makes
possibilities of
Extraction from & insertion into high speed SDH bit
streams of Plesiochronous and lower bit rate synchronous
signal.

Ring structure of network which provides the advantage of

automatic back-up path switching in the event of fault.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Digital Cross Connect (DXC)

STM- STM-
16 16
STM-4 STM-4
STM-1 STM-1
140 140
Mbit/s Mbit/s
34 34
Mbit/s Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s Cross - 2 Mbit/s
Connect

EAGLE PHOTONICS
igital Cross Connect (DXC)

Digital Cross Connect:

A digital cross connect is an equipment which has the capability
of interconnecting tributaries
An Agg to Agg connection, a trib to aggregate connection and a
tributary to tributary connection is also possible in case of a Digital
Cross Connect
Types – Wideband  VT/DS1 level
 Broadband  STS-n/DS3 level &
 Narrowband  DS0 level

EAGLE PHOTONICS
SDH NE: Digital cross
connect (DXC)
1

Ports

Ports Ports 21

Ports

25

EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF SDH
LAYER
General view of Path Section
designations

PD SDH # SDH PD
SDH
H
AT
multiplexerSD Regenerator Cross- multiplexer
H
AT
M
IP SD SD M
IP
H H connect H

Regenera Regenera
tor tor
Section Section
Multiplex Multiplex
Section Section

Path

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Topologies

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Network Configurations

 Point to Point
 Point to Multipoint
 Mesh Architecture
 Ring Architecture

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 SDH Network Topologies
Point-to-Point Network

Tributari
Tributari

Terminal Terminal
Multiplexer Regenerator Multiplexer
(TM) (TM)
es

Chain
Network

Tributari
Tributari

Terminal Add Drop Terminal

Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer
(TM) (ADM) (TM)
es

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Ring
Network
Tributar Tributar
ies ies
Add Drop Add Drop
Multiplexer Multiplexer
(ADM) (ADM)
Multiplexer

Tributari
Multiplexer
Add Drop
Tributari

Add Drop
(ADM)

(ADM)

es
es

Add Drop Add Drop

Multiplexer Multiplexer
(ADM) (ADM)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Tributari Tributar
 Tributari
Exchange
es
2Mbit/ 140Mbit/s
s
Add Drop Add Drop
Multiplexer Multiplexer
(ADM) (ADM)
Multiplexer
Exchange

Add Drop

Multiplexer
Add Drop

Exchange
(ADM)

(ADM)
STM-4
Ring

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
STM-1 Add Drop STM-1
140Mbit/s Multiplexer
2Mbit/ (ADM)
s

2Mbit/ EAGLE PHOTONICS

ADM linear route ( Bus ADM
) Ring
X X

X X X X X X

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Mesh
Network
Tributari Tributar
es ies

Add/Drop Add Drop

& Cross Connect & Cross connect
Mux Mux
Tributaries

Tributaries
& Cross connect

STM-N Links

& Cross connect

Add Drop

Add Drop
Mux

Mux
EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Standard MS Rates :
Optical Signals Electrical MS Rate
Signals
DS0 64 Kb/s
DS1 1.544 Mb/s
VT1.5 1.728 Mb/s
VT2 2.304 Mb/s
DS3 44.736 Mb/s
OC-1 STS-1 51.84 Mb/s
OC-3 STS-3 155.52 Mb/s
OC-3c STS-3c 155.52 Mb/s
OC-12 STS-12 622.08 Mb/s
OC-48 STS-48 2488.32 Mb/s
OC-192 STS-192 9953.28 Mb/s

EAGLE PHOTONICS
O p
t i Ec a l el c t r i c a l P a y l o
O
a d
v e r h e a d
L e v e L l e v e L l i n e R r a a t te e R a t e S D H
( M B (p Ms b ) p Es q) u i v a l e n t

O C - S1 T S - 5 1 1 . 8 4 05 0 . 1 1 1 2 . 7 2 -8
O C - S3 T S - 1 3 5 5 . 5 21 05 0 . 3 5 3 . 1 6 8 S4 T M - 1
O C - S9 T S - 4 9 6 6 . 5 64 05 1 . 01 05 8. 5 5 2
O C - S1 T2 S - 6 1 2 2 2 . 0 86 0 1 . 3 2 4 0 4 . 7 S3 6T M - 4
O C - S1 T8 S - 9 1 3 8 3 . 1 29 0 2 . 03 11 6. 1 0 4
O C - S2 T4 S - 1 2 2 4 4 4 . 1 62 0 2 4. 6 1 8 . 4 8 7 2
O C - S3 T6 S - 1 3 8 6 6 . 2 41 08 0 4 6. 0 2 3 . 2 2 0 8
O C - S4 T8 S - 2 4 4 8 8 8 . 32 24 0 5 8. 3 2 7 . 9 6 S4 4T M - 1
O C - S9 T6 S - 4 9 9 6 7 6 . 64 48 01 0 1. 7 6 5 5 2 . 8 8 8
O C - S1 T 9 S2 - 9 1 9 9 5 2 3 . 29 86 02 1 3. 5 3 0 1 2 . S7 7T 6 M - 6

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Frame Structure

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Transport Module
STM-1 = 155 Mbit/s
STM-4 = 622 Mbit/s
STM-16 = 2.5Gbit/s
STM-64 = 10Gbit/s
Payload
One
Section
STM-4 overhead

STM-n
STM-n
(n
(n >1)
>1)
EAGLE PHOTONICS
 STM-1 frame structure
• The STM – n signal is multiples of frames consisting of
9 rows with 270 bytes in each row
• The order of transmission of information is first from
left to right and then from top to bottom
• The first 9 bytes in each row are for information and
used by the SDH system itself.This area is divided into 3
parts
 Regenerator Section Overhead(RSOH)
 Multiplex Section Overhead(MSOH)
 Pointers
Sdh22.e x e

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Data Rate
 Overall
9 rows*270
columns*8000frames/sec*8bits/byte
= 155.52Mbps

 9 rows*261
columns*8000frames/sec*8bits/byte
=150.336Mbps
 User Data/ Payload
9 rows*260
columns*8000frames/sec*8bits/byte
=149.76Mbps
EAGLE PHOTONICS
STM-1 frame structure

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 STM-1 frame structure

1-3 rows RSOH

4th row AU Pointer
PAY LOAD
5-9 rows MSOH

9 Columns 261 Columns

270 Columns

EAGLE PHOTONICS
SDH Multiplexing
Process

EAGLE PHOTONICS
STM-N Frame

• Is got by Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of

Lower Order Frame.

• For Example
STM-4 is got by Multiplexing 4 STM-1 Frames.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Byte Interleaved multiplexing

S D H

M
U
X

L i n e S i g n a l
STM - 4
S T M - 3

T r i b u t a r y
S i g n a l s
S T M - 1

EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
TU Columns Bytes/ Bandwidth Payload
Format Frame

TU 11 3 27 1.728Mbps DS1

TU 12 4 36 2.304Mbps E-1

TU 2 12 108 6.912Mbps DS-2

EAGLE PHOTONICS
SDH Over Heads

EAGLE PHOTONICS
STM-1 Section
Overhead

Y Y 1* 1*

Y- 1001 SS11 (S unspecified)

1*- All 1’s
EAGLE PHOTONICS
Regenerator Section Overhead

A1 & A2 – Framing Bytes

• These two bytes indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame

J0 – Regenerator Section Trace

• It’s used to transmit a Section Access Point Identifier so

that a section receiver can verify its continued connection to
the intended transmitter

• Identifies by a number in the individual STM – 1s of a higher

order STM - n
EAGLE PHOTONICS
 RSOH (contd..)
B1- Bit Interleaved parity (BIP-8)
• This is a parity code (even parity), used to check for
transmission errors over a regenerator section
• Its value is calculated over all bits of the previous STM-N
frame after scrambling, then placed in the B1 byte of STM-1
before scrambling
E1 – Engineering Order wire
• This byte is allocated to be used as a local order wire channel
for voice communication between regenerators
• This byte functionality is available at both multiplexers and
Regenerators
EAGLE PHOTONICS
 RSOH (contd..)

F1 – User Channel
• This byte is set aside for the user’s purposes

D1 to D3 – Data Communication Channel

• These three bytes form a 192 kbps DCC for Operation &
management of the SDH System
• Network management system sends / receives provisioning,
security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring
command / response by way of DCC

EAGLE PHOTONICS
STM Regenerator Section
Overhead

Regenerator Section Overhead :

• Performance monitoring (STM-n signal)
• Local orderwire
• Data communication channels to carry
information for OAM&P
• Framing

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 MS Overhead
B2 – Bit Interleaved parity
(BIP – 24)
• This is used to determine if a transmission error has
occurred over a multiplex section. It is even parity, and is
calculated over all bits of the MS Overhead and the STM-N
frame (except the regenerator section) of the previous STM-N
frame before scrambling
• The value is placed in the three B2 bytes of the MS
Overhead before scrambling. These bytes are provided for
all STM-1 signals in an STM-N signal

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 MSOH (contd..)
K1 & K2 – Multiplex Section Protn.
• These two bytes are used for MSP signaling between
multiplex level entities for bi-directional automatic protection
switching and for communicating Alarm Indication Signal (AIS)
and Remote Defect Indication (RDI) conditions
D4 to D12 – Data Communication Channel
• These nine bytes form a 576 kbps DCC for Operation &
management of the multiplexers on a SDH line
• Network management system sends / receives provisioning,
security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring
command / response by way of DCC
EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Automatic Protection Switching

•APS is the capability of a transmission system to detect a

failure on a working facility and to switch to a standby
facility to recover the traffic.
•Only the Multiplex Section in SDH is protected in this
automatic fashion.
•MS protection mechanism is coordinated by K1 and K2
bytes.
•Path protection is managed at a higher level by network
management functions

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 APS (contd..)

Protection Switching is initiated due to :

• Signal failure
• Signal degradation
• In response to commands from a local craft terminal
or a remote network manager.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 MSOH (contd..)
E2 – Engineering Order wire
• This byte is allocated to be
used as a local order wire
channel for voice
communication between
multiplexers
• This byte is not accessible at
the regenerators
M1 - Remote Error indication
• It is used to indicate the MS layer remote error indication
(MS-REI)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 MSOH (contd..)
S1 Synchronization status message
byte (SSMB)
• Bits 5 to 8 of this S1 byte are used
to carry the synchronization
messages
0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. network)
0010 G.811 PRC (Primary Reference Clock)
0100 G.812 transit SSU-A (Synchronisation Supply Unit - A)
1000 G.812 local SSU-B (Synchronisation Supply Unit – B)
1011 G.813 Option 1 SEC (Synchronous Equipment Timing Clock)
1111 Do not use for synchronization.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 SDH Pointers
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Use of Pointers H1 & H2 = VC payload pointer
• It indicates the starting position of VC H3 = Negative Justification

• It is also used for justification 1 = All 1’s

• AU pointer is also used for concatenation Y = 1001SS11 (S bits unspecified)

• SDH provides payload pointers to permit differences in the
phase and frequency of the Virtual Containers (VC-n) with
respect to the STM-N frame
• Lower-order pointers are also provided to permit phase
differences between VC-12/VC-2 and the higher-order VC-
3/VC-4
To accomplish this, a process known as byte stuffing is used
EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Pointers (contd..)
• The value of the pointer has a range of 0 to 782

For example,
• If the VC-4 Payload Pointer has a value of 0, then the VC-4
begins in the byte adjacent to the H3 byte of the Overhead;

• If the Payload Pointer has a value of 87 (since each row of

the payload has 86 positions), then the VC-4 begins in the byte
adjacent to the K2 byte of the overhead in the byte of the next
row

• The pointer value, which is a binary number, is carried in

bits 7 through 16 of the H1-H2 pointer word.
pointer justification.exe

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Pointers (contd..)
Positive Pointer Justification
• When the data rate of the VC is too slow in relation to the
rate of the STM-1 frame, positive stuffing must occur. An
additional byte is stuffed in, allowing the alignment of the
container to slip back in time. This is known as positive
stuffing
Negative Pointer Justification
• Conversely, when the data rate of the VC is too fast in
relation to the rate of the STM-1 frame, that negative stuffing
must occur. Because the alignment of the container advances in
time, the payload capacity must be moved forward. Thus,
actual data is written in the H3 byte, the negative stuff
opportunity within the Overhead; this is known as negative
stuffing EAGLE PHOTONICS
 AU – 4 Positive Pointer
Justification
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out
Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary

Positive justification
H1 Yopportunity
Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
To next Row
To next Row
Points out
Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out
Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 AU – 4 Negative Pointer
Justification
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out
Start of VC-4
VC-4 Boundary

Negative justification
opportunity
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 From next row

From next row

Points out
Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out
Start of VC-4 VC-4 Boundary

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Multiplexer
Multiplexer Section
Section
Overhead
Overhead
MS Alarm indication signal


Performance Monitoring of individual STM-1’s



Protection Switching Information



MS Remote Defect Indication (RDI)



Data channels for OAM&P



Pointer to commencement of synchronous

payload envelope
Express order-wire


EAGLE PHOTONICS
Path OverHead

TCM – Tandem Connection Monitoring

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Path Overhead
J1- Path trace

• Starting point of VC
• It is used to transmit repetitively a path access
point identifier, similar to J0

B3 – Path Bit Interleaved Parity – BIP- 8

• Error Monitoring over the previous VC-4 frame.

• Even parity is used to monitor path errors

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 POH (contd..)
C2 – Signal Label
• It is defined to indicate the composition or the
maintenance of the VC-4
Binary Hex Mapping
0000 0000 00 Unequipped

0000 0001 01 Equipped,non specific

0000 0010 02 TUG structure

0000 0011 03 Locked TU

0000 0100 04 34 / 45 Mbps into C3

(async)
EAGLE PHOTONICS
0001 0010 12 140 Mbps into C4
 POH (contd..)
G1- Path status FEBE FERF UNUSED

• It is defined to send back the path status and

performance to where the path is generated

F2,F3 – Path User Channels

• It is assigned for user communication purposes

between path elements by the network operator

H4 – Multi frame Indicator

• H4 byte provides the multiframe information

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 POH (contd..)
K3 – Automatic protection switching(APS) channel

• (b1-b4) are assigned for APS signaling for protection

at the VC-4/3 path labels

N1 – Network operator Byte

• The tandem connection monitoring function is

currently not used

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 VC12 path
overhead

BIP-2 (Bits 1 and 2). The Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP) bits are used to provide an error
monitoring function for the VC-12 path.
REI (Bit 3). The Remote Error Indication (REI) bit is used to communicate detected BIP-
2 errors back to the VC-12 path originator.
RFI (Bit 4). Remote Fail Indicator (RFI). Not used in present applications.
Signal label (Bits 5 to 7). These bits are used to indicate the payload mapping and
equipped status.
RDI (Bit 8). The Remote Defect Indicator (RDI) bit is used to indicate certain detected
TU path alarms to the VC-12 path originator.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 STM
STM Path
Path Overhead
Overhead

 Performance Monitoring of STM SPE

 Path Status
 Path Trace
 Signal Label (Unequipped or Equipped)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
STM-4 Section OverHead

EAGLE PHOTONICS
MAPPING

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Elements of SDH
• Container (C)
• Virtual Container (VC)

• Tributary Unit (TU)

• Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

• Administrative Unit (AU)

• Administrative Unit Group (AUG)

• Synchronous Transport Module - N (STM – N)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Container
• Input signals are placed into the containers

• It adds stuffing bytes for PDH signals,which compensates for

the permitted frequency deviation between the SDH system and
the PDH signal

• C12 (2 Mbps – G.703)

• C11 (1.5 Mbps)
• C2 (6 Mbps)
• C3 (34 / 45 Mbps)
• C4 (140 Mbps)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Virtual
Container
MAPPING : It is a process from Containers to
Virtual containers.

POH + PAYLOAD = POH PAYLOAD

ANALOGY:
Packing C2 carton box with some more packing
material and labeled as VC2 box

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Virtual Container
• It adds overheads to a container or groups of tributary units,
that provides facilities for supervision and maintenance of the
end to end paths
• VCs carry information end to end between two path access
points through the SDH system
• VCs are designed for transport and switching sub-SDH
payloads
• VC12 (C12 + POH)
• VC11 (C11 + POH)
• VC2 (C2 + POH)
• VC3 (C3 + POH)
• VC4 (C4 + POH)
EAGLE PHOTONICS
Virtual Container
(contd..)
• At each level, subdivisions of capacity can float individually
between the payload areas of adjacent frames. Each
subdivision can be readily located by its own pointer that is
embedded in the overheads.

• The pointer is used to find the floating part of the AU or TU,

which is called a virtual container (VC).

• The AU pointer locates a higher-order VC, and the TU pointer

locates a lower-order VC. For example, an AU–3 contains a VC–3
plus a pointer, and a TU–2 contains a VC–2 plus a pointer.

• A VC is the payload entity that travels across the network, being

created and dismantled at or near the service termination point.
EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Tributary Unit
• It adds pointers to the VCs
• This pointer permits the SDH system to compensate for
phase differences within the SDH network and also for the
frequency deviations between the SDH networks
• TUs acts as a bridge between the lower order path layer
and higher order path layer

• TU12 (VC12 + pointer)

• TU2 (VC2 + pointer)
• TU3 (VC3 + pointer)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Tributary Unit Group
• It defines a group of tributary units that are multiplexed
together
• As a result, a TU group could contain one of the following
combinations
• Three TU-12s (TUG – 2)
• Seven TUG-2s (TUG – 3)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Administrative Unit
• It adds pointer to the HO Virtual containers(similar to the
tributary unit)
• AU - 3 (VC-3 + pointer)
• AU - 4 (VC-4 + pointer)

Administrative Unit Group

• It defines a group of administrative units that are
multiplexed together to form higher order STM signal

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Synchronous Transport Module – n

• It adds section overhead (RSOH & MSOH) to a number

of AUGs that adds facilities for supervision &
maintenance of the multiplexer & regenerator sections

• This is the signal that is transmitted on the SDH line

• The digit “n” defines the order of the STM signal

EAGLE PHOTONICS
SDH Generalised Multiplexing Structure

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N signal

A corresponding arrangement is used for demultiplexing

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N
2.048 Mbps 1 2 3 32

(E1) 32 Bytes

Stuffing Bytes

C-12 1 23 32

34 Bytes

POH (Lower Order)

VC-12 1 23 32

35 Bytes

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N
Pointer

TU-12
36 Bytes

TU 12 is arranged 9 Rows
Into Matrix of 9 X 4

4 Columns

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N
TU-12 TU-12 TU-12

9 Rows

4 Columns 4 Columns 4 Columns

Multiplexing

TUG-2 9 Rows

12 Columns EAGLE PHOTONICS

 Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N
7 TUG-2s

X 7 TUG-2 TUG-3(multiplexing)
Stuffing Bytes

TUG 3

84 Columns
86 Columns EAGLE PHOTONICS
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N

TUG - 3 TUG - 3 TUG - 3

86 Columns

X 3 TUG–3
VC - 4
HOPOH Stuffing Bytes

258 Columns
261 Columns

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N
VC - 4

9 rows Pay Load

POH

261 Columns
AU – 4 (Adding Pointer)

AU Pointer
POH

h Row Pay Load

9 Columns
261 Columns
mapping E1.exe

EAGLE PHOTONICS
SYNCHRONIZATION

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Synchronization
 Synchronization is the means of keeping
all of the digital equipment in your
network operating at the same rate.
In terms of synchronous networks
(SDH/SONET), this means that all network
elements must be oriented towards a single
clock. In SDH and SONET, higher bit rates and
synchronization are the major Advances
compared to older transmission technologies.
This is the only way to assure uniform
standardization at all hierarchy levels and
represents a major challenge for system
manufacturers and network operators.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Primary Reference
Clock ( PRC )
Stratum 1

SYNCHRONIZATIO DIGITAL
N HIERARCHY EXCHANGE
Stratum 1

TRANSMISSION NETWORK

Digital Exchange Digital Exchange Digital Exchange

Stratum 2 Stratum 2 Stratum 2

Transmission Network

Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital

Exchange Exchange Exchange Exchange Exchange
Stratum 3 Stratum 3 Stratum 3 Stratum 3
Stratum EAGLE
3 PHOTONICS
The network illustrates
the digital network
synchronization
hierarchy,with all clocks
normally operating at the
same frequency as the
reference source. A large
network can comprise the
interconnection of many
such clusters of nodes,
each operating
plesiochronous.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Clock Hierarchies

EAGLE PHOTONICS
CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY
STRUCTURE

EAGLE PHOTONICS
• S1 Clk : Cesium / Rubidium atomic clk.
Accurate upto 0.00001ppm.
Loses 1sec every 3000yrs.
• S2 Clk : Accurate to 0.016ppm.
<255 slips in 1st 86 days after loosing S1
link.
1st slip can’t occur within first 7 days.
• S3 Clk : Accurate upto 4.6ppm.
<255 slips in 1st 24hrs after loss of
reference.
1st slip can’t occur <6mins after reference
loss.
• S4 Clk : No guarantee. EAGLE PHOTONICS
Stratum Accuracy Skip Rate Notes
1 10*10-11 2.523/Year PRC

2 1.6*10-8 11.06/Day Electronic Switch Sys

3 4.6*10-6 132.48/Hour DCS

4 3.2*10-5 15.36/Min PBX, CPE

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 SYNCHRONIZATION
All network elements are synchronised to a central clock

➄The central clock is generated by a high precision primary

clock(prc)-G.811 (10x10-11 )

➄Clock is distributed throughout the network,this signal is

passed on to the Sub-ordinate Synchronization units (ssu)
and synchronous equipment clock (sec)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Primary Secondary

Internal
Selector Clock

Auotmatic Switch

Timing Signal Generator (TSG)

Inter nal Dia g ram of

BITS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
 S1 Synchronization status
message byte (SSMB)
• Synchronization Status Messaging is the transmission of
synchronization quality messages between NEs.
•Bits 5 to 8 of this S1 byte are used to carry the synchronization
messages

0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. network)

0010 G.811 PRC (Primary Reference Clock)
0100 G.812 transit SSU-A (Synchronisation Supply Unit - A)
1000 G.812 local SSU-B (Synchronisation Supply Unit – B)
1011 G.813 Option 1 SEC (Synchronous Equipment Timing Clock)
1111 Do not use for synchronization.
EAGLE PHOTONICS
QL settings for use with SSM

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Example: Ring synchronization

EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
Figs. A,B,C give a simple example of ring synchronization using four
network elements and
a PRC clock source:
. Configuration of network elements for clock distribution
. Clock distribution behavior when a fault occurs
During normal operation, the complete ring is clocked by the PRC,
which is directly connected to NE 1 (clock input T3). This NE cannot
derive a clock from the data inputs and is not configured initially as
a clock port. This prevents possible clock loops.
The other three network elements derive the clock from the
incoming data signals. The best clock source is always used (here,
PRC). The output signals have this clock quality, so PRC is indicated
in the S1 byte. To avoid clock loops, ªDon't Use for
Synchronizationº (DNU) is indicated in the S1 byte in the opposite
direction.
At NE 4, PRCs are present at both data ports. In this case according
to the clock derivation table determining the priority in case of
identical clock priority, the clock from NE 3 is used. EAGLE PHOTONICS
What happens to the ring in case of a fault ?
In this case, NE 3 no longer receives a valid synchronization
signal from NE 2, so it operates in holdover mode (Fig. B)
since an alternative clock source is not yet available. This is
also indicated in the S1 byte (SEC) towards NE 4.
NE 4 now receives a signal with PRC quality from NE 1 in the
reverse direction. According to the clock derivation table, NE
4 takes the synchronization clock from the reverse direction
(NE 1).
The same applies to NE 3, which uses the clock from NE 4
from the reverse direction (Fig. C).
Despite the disruption, all of network elements still use the
PRC clock.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Errors & Alarms

EAGLE PHOTONICS
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF SDH
LAYER
General view of Path Section
designations

PD SDH # SDH PD
SDH
H
AT
multiplexerSD Regenerator Cross- multiplexer
H
AT
M
IP SD SD M
IP
H H connect H

Regenera Regenera
tor tor
Section Section
Multiplex Multiplex
Section Section

Path

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Numerous alarm and error messages are built into
SDH. They are known as defects and anomalies,
respectively. They are coupled to network sections
and the corresponding overhead information.
The advantage of the alarms monitoring are
illustrated as follows :
 Complete failure of a connection results, for
example, in a LOS alarm (loss of signal) in the
receiving network element.
 This alarm triggers a complete chain of
subsequent messages in the form of AIS.
 The transmitting side is informed of the failure
by the return of an RDI alarm (remote defect
indication).
 The alarm messages are transmitted EAGLE PHOTONICS
in defined
Types of Alarms

 Equipment Alarms

 Facility Alarms

EAGLE PHOTONICS
What is difference between a Defect
and a Failure?

 A defect is a detection of an alarm such

as loss of signals, loss of frames. AIS
loss of excessive errors.
 A failure is a defect that persists
beyond a maximum time allocated. It is
used to access to integrate Automatic
Protection Switching ( APS ).

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Equipment Alarms
• Card Failure
• Card Mismatch
• Card Missing
• DCN Failure
• Fan Failed
• Disk 90% full
• Derived Voltage high/low
• I/p Voltage on PSU high/low
• LAN port down
• Memory usage exceeded
• SW download failed
• Temperature too high

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Facility Alarms
• AIS E1/MS/P/STM
• LOS
• LOF
• OOF
• LOM
• LFD
• RDI MS/P
• REI MS/P
• RFI P
• LOP MS/P
• TIM RS/MS/P
• PLM P
EAGLE PHOTONICS
Cont..
• Signal Degrade
• Signal Fail
• Timing Reference Failed
• Forced Switch Active
• Forced Switch to channel
• Manual Switch Active
• Manual Switch to channel
• Laser Bias Voltage high/low
• Derived I/p voltage high/low

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 LOS

Signal Degrade

Signal Fail

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Loss Of Signals
( LOS ) :

 It could be due to cut cable, excessive attenuation of the

signal or an equipment fault.

 The LOS state will clear when 2 consecutive framing

patterns are received and no LOS condition is detected.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
@ RSOH
OOF

LOF

TIM(J0)

DCC Fail

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Out of Frame (OOF )
:

 This situation occurs when 4, or in some

implementations, 5 consecutive SDH frames are
received with invalid framing patterns(A1 and A2
bytes)

 The maximum time to detect OOF is therefore 625Ms

 The OOF clears when consecutive SDH frames are

received with valid framing patterns

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Loss Of Frame ( LOF
):

 The LOF occurs when the OOF state exists for a

specified time in msecs
 If OOFs are intermittent,the timer is not reset to zero
until an “in frame” state persists continuously for
specified time in msecs
 As the framing bytes are there in Regenerator section
overhead(RSOH) this alarm is sometimes known as
RS-LOF

EAGLE PHOTONICS
@ MSOH

AIS/RDI(K1,K2)

DCC Fail

Timing Reference Signal Fail(S1)

REI(M1)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
MS-AIS
:

 This alarm is sent by a Regenerator Section Terminating

equipment(RSTE) to alert the downstream Multiplex section
Terminating Equipment(MSTE) of detected LOS or LOF
state
 It is indicated by an STM-N signal containing valid RSOH
and a scrambled all 1’s pattern in the rest of the frame
 The MS-AIS is detected by the MSTE when bits 6 to 8 of
the received k2 byte are set to “111” for 3 consecutive
frames
 Removal is detected by the MSTE when bits 6 to 8 of the
received k2 byte are set with a pattern other than “111” in
bits 6 to 8 of k2 EAGLE PHOTONICS
AU-4 AIS :

 This is sent by MSTE(Multiplex Section Terminating

Equipment) to alert the downstream higher order path
terminating equipment (HOPTE) of a detected LOP state or
a received AU path AIS
 The AU-4 path AIS is indicated by transmitting an all 1’s
pattern in the entire AU-4(I.e an all 1‘s pattern in H1,H2
and H3 bytes pointer bytes plus all bytes of associated VC-
4)
 Removal of AU-4 path AIS is detected when three
consecutive valid AU pointers are received with normal
NDF’s
EAGLE PHOTONICS
TU-12 AIS :

 This is sent downstream to alert the Lower Order Path

Terminating Equipment(LOPTE) of a detected TU-12 LOP
state or a received TU-12 path AIS
 TU-12 path AIS is indicated by transmitting an all 1’s pattern
in the entire TU-12 (I.e all 1’s in pointer bytes v1,v2,v3and
v4 plus all bytes of associated VC)
 The TU-12 AIS detected by the LOPTE when all 1’s pattern
is received in bytes v1 and v2 or three consecutive multi-
frames.
 Removal of TU-12 is detected when three consecutive valid
TU-12 pointers are received with normal NDF’s
EAGLE PHOTONICS
REI &
RDI:
If network is failed due to fault in network
connection itself, breakup in path or fault in
terminal equipment then RDI (Remote
Defect Indication) alarm will appear.

If the received signal contains bit errors,

the receiving network element detects and
reports BIP errors. Since this is not the
same as a complete failure of the
connection, the alarm here is referred to as
an anomaly that is indicated back in the
direction of transmission. The EAGLE return
PHOTONICS
@ HOPOH
TIM(J1)

PLM(C2)

REI,RDI,PLM,TIM,AIS,LOP(G1)

LOM(H4)

IEC,TC-REI/OEI/API/RDI/ODI(N1)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Loss Of Pointer (LOP
)

 The LOP state occurs when ‘n’ consecutive invalid pointers

are received or ‘n’ New Data Flags(NDF) are received(other
than in a concatenation indicator)
 The LOP state is cleared when 3 equal valid pointers or 3
consecutive AIS indications are received.This alarm is very
rare in steady state because the pointer is either valid or is all
1s
 An AIS indication is all 1’s pattern in the pointer
bytes.Concatenation is indicated when the pointer bytes are
set to “1001XX1111111111” I.e NDF enabled(H1 and H2
bytes for AU LOP; v1 and v2 bytes for TU LOP)
EAGLE PHOTONICS
Loss Of Multiframe (LOM )

 The LOM state occurs on SDH LOVCs & SONET VTs.

 LOM is detected by checking the 7 & 8 bit of H4 Byte.
 LOM is recovered when an error free H4 sequence is
found in 4 consecutive VC – n frames.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
@LOPOH

REI,RDI,RFI,PLM,AIS,LOP(V5)

TIM/PLM(J2)

AIS,TC-REI/OEI/API/RDI/ODI(N2)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Some SDH alarms :
SDH SDH
SDH
MUX Cable Cut MUX
REGEN

Loss
RFI STM-1 of
STM-1 Signal

SDH Excessive SDH

SDH
MUX Errors MUX
REGEN
Loss
MS-REI of
STM-1 STM-1 Frame

SDH SDH
SDH MUX
MUX
Cable Cut REGEN

Loss
RFI STM-1 of Z STM-1 MS-AIS
Signal

EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
PROTECTION SCHEMES

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Failure Events
According to ATIS

Causes

1) Fiber cable dig-ups

2) Fiber cable non-dig-ups
3) Digital cross-connects
4) Synchronization timing
5) Internal power components

EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
1+1 Protection
 In 1+1 protection, for each of the working unit(Which
can be either unit or path)there will be a
corresponding protection unit
 Both the units will be carrying data all the time ,the
receiving end will select the better of the two signals
 In case of failure,there will be a switching from
working to protection
 Even if the fault in the working unit is rectified ,there
will be no automatic switching from protection unit
back to working unit
 This is called Non-Revertive type(because there is no
automatic reversion from working to protection even
when the working unit is functioning properly)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
1+1 Protection

SDH Multiplexer Multiplex Section SDH Multiplexer

Working Section

Protection Section

SDH Multiplexer SDH Multiplexer

Working Section

Fault

Protection Section
EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
1+1 Card Protection

EAGLE PHOTONICS
1+1 Protected Linear
Link

EAGLE PHOTONICS
1 Protection(Dedicated Protection)
 Even in 1:1 protection, for each of the working
unit(Which can be either unit or path)there will be a
corresponding protection unit
 Only working unit will be carrying data all the time,in
case of the failure in the protection unit there will be a
switching to the protection unit
 Once the fault in the working unit is rectified there will
be a switching from protection unit back to the
working unit
 This is called Reversion type(because there is an
automatic reversion from protection back to the
working once the working unit is restored)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
1: N
Protection
 1:N protection is very similar to 1:1
protection,except the fact that for N
working units there will be one
protection unit
 This is also called revertive
protection,because as soon as the fault
in the working unit is rectified there will
be an automatic reversion from working
to protection

EAGLE PHOTONICS
EAGLE PHOTONICS
1:N Card Protection

EAGLE PHOTONICS
1:N Protected Linear
Network

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Path Protection
working path

B C
VC-n path protection VC-n
switching
within 30 ms
A D E

protection path

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Unidirectional Operation

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Bidirectional Operation

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Unidir ectional Path
Switched Ring/SNCP

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 UPSR/SNC
P
 In Uni-directional rings,signal is being carried
in only one direction that is either clockwise or
anti-clockwise
 Only in case of failure there will be a switching
in the other direction also
 In the above example let us assume that there
is an interruption in the circuit between A and
B.Direction y is unaffected by this fault , an
alternative path must however,be found for
direction X
 The connection is therefore switched to the
alternative path in the Network elements A and
B
 The other network elements(C and D) switch
through the back up path
EAGLE PHOTONICS
UPSR/SN
CP

 A simpler method is to use the so-called path

switched ring
 Traffic is transmitted simultaneously over both
the working line and the protection line
 If there is an interruption, the receiver (in this
case A)switches to the protection line and
immediately takes up the connection

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Advantages of UPSR/SNCP
• Unidirectional protection switching is a
simple scheme to implement and does not
require a protocol.
• Unidirectional protection switching can be
faster than bidirectional protection switching
because it does not require a protocol.
• Under multiple failure conditions there is a
greater chance of restoring traffic by
protection

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Unidir. MS Dedicated Protection Ring - normal State

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Unidir. MS Dedicated Protection Ring - failed State

EAGLE PHOTONICS
MSSP
• In this type bandwidth is segregated in to
three ways

• Working Traffic

• Extra Traffic

• Non Pre-emptible unprotected Traffic (NUT)

EAGLE PHOTONICS
2F Multiplexer Section
Shar ed Pr otection

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 2 Fiber MSSP – Normal condition
F
A

Tributary
Tributary
B E

C D
ADM
One Fiber
EAGLE PHOTONICS
 2 Fiber MSSP - Fault

A F

Tributary
Tributary
B E

ADM
C D
EAGLE PHOTONICS
2F
MSSP
Node A Node B Node C
Fiber 1

Fiber 2
working
protection

Node F Node E Node D

EAGLE PHOTONICS
2F
MSSP
Node A Node B Node C
Fiber 1

Fiber 2
MS Protection
Switching
within 50 ms

Node F Node E Node D

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 2F MSSP (Multiplexer Section
Shared Protection)
 In this network connection between network
elements are bi-directional.the overall capacity
of the network can be split up for several paths
each with one bi-directional working line
 While for unidirectional rings,an entire virtual
ring is required for each path
 If a fault occurs between neighboring elements
A and B,network element B triggers protection
switching and controls network element A by
means of the k1 and k2 bytes in the SOH

EAGLE PHOTONICS
4F MSSP

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 4 Fiber MSSP - Normal
A F

Tributary
Tributary E
B

ADM C D

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 4 Fiber MSSP (Span Switch) - Fault
A F

Tributary
Tributary
B E

C D
Working Fiber 1+2 Protection Fiber 3+4

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 4 Fiber MSSP (Ring Switch) - Fault
A F

Tributary
Tributary
B E

C D
Working Fiber 1+2
Protection Fiber 3+4
EAGLE PHOTONICS
NODE A NODE B NODE C

NODE D NODE E NODE F

EAGLE PHOTONICS
STS-n
NODE A NODE B NODE C

NODE D NODE E NODE F

STS-n

EAGLE PHOTONICS
NODE A NODE B NODE C

NODE D NODE E NODE F

EAGLE PHOTONICS
NODE A NODE B NODE C

NODE D NODE E NODE F

EAGLE PHOTONICS
NODE A NODE B NODE C

NODE D NODE E NODE F

EAGLE PHOTONICS
NODE A NODE B NODE C

NODE D NODE E NODE F

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 4F MSSP

 Even greater protection is provided by bi-

directional rings with 4 fibers
 Each pair of fibers transports working and
protection channels
 This results in 1:1 protection, i.e.100%
redundancy
 This improved protection is coupled with
relatively high costs

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Advantages of MSSP
• With bidirectional protection switching operation, the
same equipment is used for both directions of
transmission after a failure.
• With bidirectional protection switching, if there is a
fault in one path of the network, transmission of both
paths between the affected nodes is switched to the
alternative direction around the network. No traffic is
then transmitted over the faulty section of the
network and so it can be repaired without further
protection switching.
• Bidirectional protection switching is easier to manage
because both directions of transmission use the same
equipments along the full length of the trail.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
MBINATIONS PROTECTIONS
ected Add/ Drop With MSP on 1 Pair of Tr

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Dual trib to aggreagate with MSP
on aggregates and MSP on 2 tribs

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Protected Add/Drop with
Card Protection on 1 Trib

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Unprotcted Trib to Trib
with Card Protection on 2
Tribs

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Protected Trib to Trib with
cp on 1 trib and MSP on 2
tribs

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Node Element Ring

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Types of Traffic Matrix

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Advantage of
SDH :

 The SDH is based on global international standard.

 Faster provision of services by remoter control.
 In service performance monitoring of signals.
 Possibility of control of circuit routing by customers.
 Easier management of bandwidth.
 Remote test access and maintenance from a central location.
 Optical Transmission interfaces.
 It will allow existing PDH hierarchies to be transported in
the SDH.
EAGLE PHOTONICS
Advantage of SDH
(Contd.):

 Reduced amount of equipment in the network and hence

savings on accommodation and power consumption.
 Greater equipment reliability due to advanced electronic
circuitry and 1+1 protection.
 Improved protection facilities for transmission failures.
 Advance network management features.
 Single stage multiplexing into the higher bit rates.
 Cross connect functionality can be distributed around the
network.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
Advantage of SDH
(Contd.):

 Software and configuration information can be

downloaded to network elements.
 Reliability of ring networks using path protection.
 Implementation of new broadband services such as
ATM is made easier.
 There are cost saving and increased revenue to the
network operation.
 Equipment from different manufacturer can be
connected together in the same network.

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 COMPARISION OF SDH / PDH
PDH SDH

The reference clock is not synchronized The reference clock is synchronized

throughout the network throughout the network.
Multiplexing / Demultiplexing The synchronous multiplexing results in
operations have to be performed from simple access to SDH system has
one level to the next level step by step. consistent frame structures throughout the
hierarchy.

PDH system has different frame SDH system has consistent frame
structures at different hierarchy levels. structures throughout the
hierarchy.
Physical cross-connections on the same Digital cross- connections are provided at
level on DDF are forced if any different signal levels and in different
ways on NMS

EAGLE PHOTONICS
 Comparison (Contd.)
PDH
G.702 specifies maximum 45Mpbs &
140Mpbs & no higher order (faster)
signal structure is not specified
PDH system does not bear capacity to
transport B-ISDN signals.
Limited amount of extra capacity for user It will transport service bandwidths
/ management
Bit - by - bit stuff multiplexing
SDH
G.707 specified the first level of
SDH.That is, STM-1, Synchronous
Transport Module 1st Order & higher.
(STM-1,STM-4,STM-16,STM-64)
SDH network is designed to be a
transport medium for B-ISDN, namely
ATM structured signal.
Sufficient number of OHBs is available
Byte interleaved synchronous
multiplexing.
EAGLE PHOTONICS