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§ REHAN MANSOOR 2008-PET-14

§ DANISH MUHAMMAD 2008-PET-45
§ SALMAN ZAHEER 2008-PET-14
§ EYAD BADARDIN 2008-PET-48


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§ INTRODUCTION
§ LABORTARY MEASUREMENT OF COMPACTION
§ MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION FOR COPACTION
DRIVE RESERVOIRS
§ PHENOMENON OF COMPACTION
§ ADVANTAGES&DISADVANTAGES
§ CONCLUSION

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§ The withdrawal of liquid or gas results in a
reduction in the fluid pressure and consequently
an increase in grain pressure
§ The increased pressure between the grains will
cause the reservoir to compact
§ This compaction can lead to subsidence at the
surface
§ Compaction depends the difference between
the vertical applied stress and the internal
stress
§ Compaction drive is the expulsion of reservoir
fluids due to dynamic reduction of the pore
volume and will only be significant as a drive
mechanism if the pore compressibility Cf is large
§ If Vb is the bulk is volume of a rock sample of
thickness h, then the uniaxial compaction will be
ϙVb/Vb=ϙh/h
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§ Overburden pressure
§ Disturbance in subsurface
§ Extraction of hydrocarbons from subsurface
§ Rock compressibility

 
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§ Compaction can conveniently be measured in
laboratory by using triaxial compaction cell
§ The core sample is completely saturated with
water, which has permeable cap and base plate
and a cylinder, flexible sleeve surrounding it
§ Vertical stress is applied while the fluid pressure is
maintained at one atmosphere.


  
 
§ The pressure in the fluid surrounding the flexible
sleeve can be increased independently so as to
maintain the condition of zero lateral strain on the
sample.
§ This pressure is continually adjusted so that any
change in vertical thickness of the sample del h is
uniformly related to the measured water expelled
from the porous rock
x 
The equipment used for rock
compressibility tests
§ If the reservoir rock consist of well cemented
grains in a rigid rock frame then the compaction,
over a limited pressure range, will be
approximately elastic and reversible
§ In loose unconsolidated sand , however ,
compaction is both inelastic and irreversible
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è1)
Therefore above Material Balance Equation becomes as:

è2)
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Material balance equation can be written as;

è )

Because for volumetric reservoir water influx ,water

injection and gas injection becomes zero.
 èè ))We
Wehave
have

è4)
è4)

Therefore equation è4) can be written as;

Therefore equation è4) can be written as;
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§ The effect of compaction
in a reservoir through its
geological history is shown
in this figure
§ Taken from L.P Dake
A: Depositional time
B: Rock burried more
deeper after deposition
After reaching point B
following events may occur
1. Uplifting of reservoir
2. Erosion of the surface layers
. Overpressuring of fluids in
reservoir
Cǯ : If inelastic deformation
C : If elastic deformation
D : As a result of production

 

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§ Besides providing the additional drive energy for
production compaction has important effects both
inside and outside of the reservoir
§ The most obvious is the surface/seafloor subsidence
§ Reduction in permeability leading to loss of
productivity
§ Effect of deformation on overlying shales or
freshwater aquifers
§ Inaccurate estimate of the compaction effect can lead
to over or underestimation of reserves
§ Subsidence occur in case when the reservoir lies
beneath any populated area may cause a lot of
problems
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We have to get the knowledge of the compaction
early in the life of the field to optimize and manage
production.