Measurement of Velocity

Profile in a Square Duct

ME 400
Jafar Samarah
Motasem Abu Shanap
 Introduction

 Aim of the experiments is to obtain the velocity

profile in square duct at different location along x-
axis.
 Velocity Profile Measuring Devices.
 Pressure Measuring Devices.
 Pitot Static Tube.
 Pressure Transducers.
 Principles

 Viscous flow
 Laminar, Transition and Turbulent flow
 Reynolds Number
 Hydraulic diameter
 Entrance length
 Viscous Flow

 Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid

which is being deformed by shear stress.
 Dynamic viscosity.
 Kinematic viscosity .
 Flow Regimes

 Laminar Flow, Re<2300.

 Transition Flow, 2300<Re<4000.
 Turbulent Flow, Re>4000.
 Reynolds Number

𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
 Re=
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑉𝐷ℎ
 Re =
ν
 It is a dominant factor to specify the flow regimes.
 Hydraulic Diameter

4𝐴
 𝐷ℎ = , where:
𝜌
 A= cross section area.
 Ρ= wetted perimeter.
 Entrance Length

 It is the length required to reach the fully developed

flow.
 Governing Equations

 Conservation of Mass
 Conservation of Momentum
 Navier stokes equation
 Euler's Equation
 Bernoulli's equation
 Conservation of Mass

𝑑𝑚 𝜕
 = 𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝑐𝑠 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉

 ρ1A1V1=ρ2A2V2, for Steady flow

 Navier Stokes Equation

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑃 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
 ρ( +u +𝑣 +w )= - +μ( + 2+ 2 ) +ρgx
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑢
 : is the unsteady term.
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 u +𝑣 +w :is the convective terms.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑃
 :is the pressure Gradient (in x-direction).
𝑑𝑥
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
 + 2+ 2 :is the diffusion term.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
 Euler's Equation

 It is valid for inviscid flow where μ=0.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑃
 ρ( +u +𝑣 +w )= - +ρgx
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥
 Bernoulli's Equation

 derived from Euler’s Equation, for a flow in a stream

line. Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and
their own weight.
1
 P+ ρV2 +gρz = Constant
2
 Experimental Setup

 Square Cross Section (20X20cm) and 2 m long duct.

 Fan.
 Glass piece on the side of the duct.
 Nozzle.
 Pitot Static Device.
 Signal Reading Device with Pressure Transducers.
 Straighteners.
Experimental Setup
 Experimental Results

We Obtained The Velocity Profiles at The Locations Shown in The Figures

Figure 4.1 shows the velocity profile at different locations over x- axis with the
variation of Y Axis with straws, at each location we took 5 readings of
velocity, and then we took the average⊽.

3.5
⊽ [m/s]

2.5

2 200cm,Vm=2.204 m/s
190cm, Vm=2.174m/s
160cm,Vm=2.062m/s
1.5
140cm,Vm=2.01m/s

0.5

Vertical axis y [cm]

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
In figure 4.2, the velocity profile at different locations over x- axis with the variation of Y Axis
with straws, at each location we took 5 readings of velocity, and then we took the average⊽.
Then it is normalized by dividing each velocity by the mean one, ⊽/Vm, we normalized it to
compare it to the other profiles obtained from the other experiments.

1.6
⊽/𝑉_𝑚

1.4

1.2

1
x =200cm.Vm=2.204m/s

0.8 x=190cm,Vm=2.174m/s
x=160cm,Vm=2.06m/s
x=140cm,Vm=2.014m/s
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
𝑑𝑦/(𝑑𝑦_𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Figure 4.3 shows the velocity profile for the duct channel along x-axis with
variation of y-axis, without straws at fixed z=0 cm. For each location we
took 5 readings of velocity, and then we took the average velocity ⊽.

8
⊽

[m/s]
7

5
200cm,Vm=5.479m/s

4 190cm,Vm=5.333m/s
160cm,Vm=5.454m/s

3 140cm,Vm=5.529m/s

0 y-axis (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25
In figure 4.4, velocity profile Over y-Axis With Fixed Height z=0 cm, along x-
Axis without straws. Normalized by dividing each velocity by the mean
one, ⊽/Vm.

1.4
⊽/𝑉_
𝑚
1.2

0.8 200cm,Vm=5.479m/s
190cm,Vm=5.333m/s
160cm,Vm=5.453m/s
0.6
140cm,Vm=5.529m/s

0.4

0.2

0 𝑑𝑦/(𝑑𝑦_
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 𝑚𝑎𝑥
1.2 )
Figure 4.5 shows the velocity profile for the duct channel along x-axis with
variation of z-axis, without straws and fixed height y=0cm.
For each location we took 5 readings of velocity, and then we took the
average ⊽.

8⊽

[m/s]
7

x=160cm,Vm=5.514 m/s
4
x=180cm,Vm=5.433m/s
x=200cm,Vm=5.533m/s
3

0
0 5 10 15 20 z-axis
25 (cm)
Figure 4.6 shows the velocity profile for the duct channel along x-axis with
variation of z-axis, without straws and fixed height y=0cm. it is normalized
by dividing the velocity of each location by the mean velocity ⊽/Vm.

1.4
⊽/
𝑉_
𝑚
1.2

0.8
x =160cm,Vm=5.513m/s
x=180cm,Vm=5.433m/s
0.6 x=200cm,Vm=5.533m/s

0.4

0.2

0 𝑑𝑧/(𝑑𝑧_𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
 Figure 4.7,Comparing the results at
x=180 cm, for y & z axis
8
⊽

[m/s]
7

4 x=180cm, z axis
x=180cm,y axis

1 z axis (cm)
y axis (cm)

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
 Conclusion

 Vibration of the duct due to the fan rotation.

 Irregularity of the duct shape.
 Extra friction due to the flange connection.
 Eccentricity of the fan eye.
 Vibration of Pitot static tube due to the air flow.
 The Frame of the glass which gives extra friction.
Questions