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Practical Credit Hours = 1.0
TOTAL CREDIT HOURS = 3.0
RECOMMENDED BOOKS;
Water Supply and Sewerage, by E.W.Steel
Unit Process Design, by Tom D.Renolyd
Class handouts
INTRODUCTION
Environment; everything that surrounds
Atmosphere
Thin layer of gases containing 78%N, 21%O, and other traces gases
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
More than 75% (3,000m deep, avg salinity 35ppt)
The part of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms
exist or that is capable of supporting life
Environmental Science: interdisciplinary field of sciences
Environmental Engg: application of science/engg principles
Environmental management: management of the interaction
14th , World-wide: 1.1% (74million/yr) Pakistan: 88.2million ha (0.67%, 13079million ha, 2% pop)
About 6.7billion, but in 2050; 9billion
Nine countries (2050): ½ of world population, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Congo, Bangladesh,
Population density: 1541person/1000ha
Uganda, USA, Ethiopia, and China; size of contribution to population growth
Birth regulation ~China
Urban settlement: 30% of population
0.75% of land
Karachi alone contain 30% of urban population
Other cities are LHR, FSB, RWP, GJW, HYD,MU, PESH; another 30%
AIR POLLUTION
Causes respirator, lungs problems, cancer etc.
Primary and Secondary Pollutants 2.4million per year
1.5million per year from indoor
Primary; directly emitted from source, SOx, NOx, PM, CO etc ESP, scrubbers, baghouse etc
Secondary ; photochemical smog, ground level ozone etc Ventilation
Anthropogenic and Natural sources Clean Ar Act 1955, Amndt 1992
Anthropogenic; stationary and mobile sources, Natural; volcanic eruption , storm etc
NOx/Sox/PM: vehicular emission, industries, power generation, volcanoes etc
CO: incomplete combustion, COHb ~ oxygen carrying capacity ,25times more than USA
Main problems: acid rain, global warming, ozone layer depletion,
HC: industries, vehicles, 20times more than USA
smog etc
AR; pH< 5.5, NOx/SOx, dry and wet deposition, mobilize toxins (Al), leach away nutrients (Mg, Ca),
cancer, increase oxidation rate of metals (Cu), effects marble construction etc. CAAct Ammdnts 1990.
GW: GH effect, increase avg temp of earth 0.13oC/decade, now 15oC but 18oC at the end of 21th
century, CO2 (50%), CFCs (20%), CH4(16%), O3(8%), NOx (6%), absorbs incoming solar
(<4µm)/outgoing earth (>4µm), thermal blanket around the earth, Kyoto Protocol
O3 depletion: prevent 270-315nm UV, CFCs inert and non-water soluble , refrigerant, chain
reaction, CFCs-11/12, cancer , skin diseases, Montreal Protocol 1987, HCFCs ~ Green gases
Smog: mixture of pollutant, NOx + HC (hv), causes visibility, head ache, coughing etc
IAP: Rn (earth), formaldehyde (carpet/plywood), tetrachloroethylene (clothes),lungs , cancer
AIR POLLUTION SYSTEMH
Emission Source
Source Control
Atmosphere
Detector Receptor
Response Response
- industry
It reduces the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers
Contaminated water destroys aquatic life
It is hazard to human health.
Particulate matter; size > 10-1 mm, e.g. dust
Suspended matter; size (10-3 to 10-1 )mm, they retain on a filter
of pore size about 1.2µm. They impart turbidity.
Colloidal particles; they range in size from (10-6 to 10-3 )mm,
they remain in suspension because there settling velocity is less
than 0.1mm/s e.g. clay minerals
Dissolved materials; size < 10-6 mm. They impart color
WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
99.9% water
Physical characteristics 0.1% solid fraction
Chemical characteristics
Includes both organic and inorganic chemicals like pH,
DO, BOD/COD and toxic substances. in addition to
various gases like H2S, CO2, CH4, NH3 etc.
Screeningtolandfill
Screening
Conventional Wastewater
Equalizationtank
recy cle
Biological treatment
Early 80s
Secondary
Secondaryclarifiers sludge
Sandfiltration
Sludgetreatment
Chlorination
Sanddisposal
Suspended/attached growth
Aerobic/anaerobic Receivingbodies 90s
Energy/nutrients input
Normally carbonaceous BOD
5/6th day Nitrification
Self-purification ~ turbulence
NEQS (Pak-EPA)
Domestic/industrial effluent
Parameter Limits
pH 6-10
BOD 80 mg/L
COD 150 mg/L
TSS 150 mg/L
TDS 3500 mg/L
Phenols 0.1 mg/L
Pesticide, etc 0.15 mg/L
Lead 0.5 mg/L
Mercury 0.01 mg/L
SOLID/HAZARDOUS WASTES
Solid wastes: 17.5million tones/annually
63% has no system
Types: domestic, commercial, industrial, construction etc
0.6Kg/head/yr
Hierarchy: reduce, recycle (compost), incinerate, disposal Solid Waste Act 1965
Phenol wastes, pesticides, lubricating oil etc / Ar, Cr, Pb, Hg etc
House; metal polishers, pesticide, medicines, cosmetics, batteries, gasoline etc
Thermal (incineration), chemical (ppt) physical, bioremediation, disposal etc
Superfund; SARA 1986
CELL FONE ADDITION?
90% USA, Hg/Cd; handle with care, law required, highly toxic
Biodegradable (kitchen) wastes: compost/organic manure
Electronic gadgets: separate plastic/metal etc
Metals/glass/plastic/timber: re-use Disposal banned