Adhesive

Adhesive
 An adhesive, or glue, is a mixture in a liquid or
semi-liquid state that adheres or bonds items
together. Adhesives may come from either
natural or synthetic sources. The types of
materials that can be bonded are vast but they
are especially useful for bonding thin materials
Cure (harden) by evaporating a solvent (these are
most adhesives that cure at room temperature)
or by exposing them to an elevated temperature.
 The earliest date for a simple glue is 200,000 BC

and for a compound glue 70,000 BC.

History
 The oldest known adhesive, dated to
approximately 200,000 BC, is from spear
stone flakes glued to a wood with birch-bark-
tar, which was found in central Italy. The use
of compound glues to haft stone spears into
wood dates back to round 70,000 BC. Evidence
for this has been found in Sibudu Cave, South
Africa and the compound glues used were
made from plant gum and red ochre. The
Tyrolean Iceman had weapons fixed together
with the aid of glue
 6000-year-old ceramics show evidence of
adhesives based upon animal glues made by
rendering animal products such as horse
teeth. During the times of Babylonia, tar-like
glue was used for gluing statues. The
Egyptians made much use of animal glues to
adhere furniture, ivory, and papyrus. The
Mongols also used adhesives to make their
short bows, and the Native Americans of the
eastern United States used a mixture of
spruce gum and fat as adhesives to fashion
waterproof seams in their birchbark canoes.
Types of adhesive
 Natural adhesives  Synthetic adhesives
Natural adhesives are Elastomers,
made from organic thermoplastics,
sources such as Emulsion, and
vegetable matter, starch thermosetting adhesives
based on polyvinyl
(dextrin), natural resins
acetate, epoxy,
or from animals e.g.
polyurethane,
casein or animal glue.
cyanoacrylate and acrylic
They are often referred
polymers are examples
to as bioadhesives.
of synthetic adhesives.
Types of synthetic adhesive

 Drying adhesives
 Contact adhesives
 Hot adhesives
 Emulsion adhesives
 UV and light curing adhesives
Mechanisms of adhesion
 Adhesion, the attachment between
adhesive and substrate may occur
either by mechanical means, in which
the adhesive works its way into small
pores of the substrate, or by one of
several chemical mechanisms. The
strength of adhesion depends on
many factors, including the means by
which it occurs.
Failure of the adhesive joint
 Failure of the adhesive joint can occur in
different locations. There are several factors
that could contribute to the failure of two
adhered surfaces. Sunlight and heat may
weaken the adhesive. Solvents can
deteriorate or dissolve adhesive. Physical
stresses may also cause the separation of
surfaces. When subjected to loading,
debonding may occur at different locations
in the adhesive joint.
Failure of the adhesive joint
Testing the resistance of the adhesive