Conversions Stoichiometry

STOICHIOMETRY TUTORIAL
Paul Gilletti
1
Instructions: This is a work along tutorial. Each time you
click the mouse or touch the space bar on your computer, one
step of the problem solving occurs. Pressing the PAGE UP key
will backup the steps.
Get a pencil and

paper, a periodic
table and a
calculator, and
let’s get to work.
2
(1-2-3) General Approach For Problem Solving:
1. Clearly identify the Goal or Goals and the UNITS involved. (What
are you trying to do?)
2. Determine what is given and the UNITS.
3. Use conversion factors (which are really ratios) and their UNITS to
CONVERT what is given into what is desired.
3
Table of Contents: Click on each tab to view problem types.
View Complete Slide Show
Sample problem 1
Sample problem 2
Converting grams to moles
Mole to Mole Conversions
Gram-Mole and Gram-Gram Problems
Solution Stoichiometry Problems
Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :

4
Sample problem for general problem solving.
Sam has entered into a 10 mile marathon. Use ALL of the following
conversions (ratios) to determine how many inches there are in the
race.
5280 ft = 1 mile; 12 inches = 1 ft
1. What is the goal and what units are needed?
Goal = ______ inches

2. What is given and its units?
10 miles
3. Convert using factors (ratios). Units match
10 miles 5280 ft 12 inches = 633600 inches

1 mile 1 ft
Given Convert Goal
5
Menu
Sample problem #2 on problem solving.
A car is traveling at a speed of 45 miles per hr (45 miles/hr).

Determine its speed in kilometers per second using the following
conversion factors (ratios). 1 mile = 5280 ft; 1 ft = 12 in; 1 inch = 2.54
cm; k = 1 x 103; c = 1 x 10-2 ; 1 hr =60 min; 1 min = 60 s
Given Goal
-2
45 mi 5280 ft 12 in 2.54 cm 1 x 10 k hr min
= 0.020 km
hr mi 1 ft 1 in c 1 x 10 3 60 min 60 s s
This is
c cancels c
the
m remains
same as Units Match!
putting
k over k 6
Converting grams to moles.
Determine how many moles there are in 5.17 grams of Fe(C5H5)2.
Given units match Goal
5.17 g Fe(C5H5)2 mol

= 0.0278 moles Fe(C5H5)2
185.97 g
Use the molar mass

to convert grams to Fe(C5H5)2
moles. 2 x 5 x 1.001 = 10.01
2 x 5 x 12.011 = 120.11
1 x 55.85 = 55.85
185.97 g
mol 7
Stoichiometry (more working with ratios)
Ratios are found within a chemical equation.
2HCl + 1 Ba(OH)2 → 2H2O + 1 BaCl2
coefficients give MOLAR RATIOS
2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 to form 2 moles of H2O

and 1 mole of BaCl2
8
Mole – Mole Conversions
When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

a. How many moles of NO2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
4.3 mol ? mol Units match
4.3 mol N2O5 4mol NO 2
= 8.6 moles NO2
2mol N 2O 5
b. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
4.3 mol ? mol
4.3 mol N2O5 1mol O 2

= 2.2 mole O2
2mol N 2O 5
9
gram ↔ mole and gram ↔ gram conversions
When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
a. How many moles of N2O5 were used if 210g of NO2 were produced?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
? moles 210g Units match
210 g NO2 mol NO 2 2mol N 2O 5

= 2.28 moles N2O5
46.0g NO 2 4mol NO 2
b. How many grams of N2O5 are needed to produce 75.0 grams of O2?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
? grams 75.0 g
75.0 g O2 mol O 2 2mol N 2O 5 108g N 2O 5

= 506 grams N2O5
32.0 g O 2 1mol O 2 mol N 2O 5
10
Gram to Gram Conversions
Aluminum is an active metal that when placed in hydrochloric acid
produces hydrogen gas and aluminum chloride. How many grams of
aluminum chloride can be produced when 3.45 grams of aluminum are
reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid?
2 Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)
First write a balanced

equation.
11
Gram to Gram Conversions

3.45 g ? grams
Now let’s get organized.

Write the information
below the substances.
12
gram to gram conversions


3.45 g ? grams
Units match
3.45 g Al mol Al 2 mol AlCl 3 133.3 g AlCl 3
= 17.0 g AlCl3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al mol AlCl 3
We
Now
Now
Let’s
must
use
use
work
the
always
themolar
the
molar
problem.
convert
mass
ratio.to
convertmoles.
to grams. 13
14
Molarity
Molarity is a term used to express concentration. The units of molarity are

moles per liter (It is abbreviated as a capital M)
When working problems, it

is a good idea to change M
into its units.
moles moles
M= =
Liter 1000 mL
15
16
Solutions
A solution is prepared by dissolving 3.73 grams of AlCl3 in
water to form 200.0 mL solution. A 10.0 mL portion of
the solution is then used to prepare 100.0 mL of solution.
Determine the molarity of the final solution.
What type of
problem(s) is
this?
Molarity
followed by
dilution.
17
Solutions
A solution is prepared by dissolving 3.73 grams of AlCl3 in
water to form 200.0 mL solution. A 10.0 mL portion of
the solution is then used to prepare 100.0 mL of solution.
Determine the molarity of the final solution.
1st :
3.73 g mol
= 0.140 mol
133.4 g 200.0 x 10-3 L L
molar mass of AlCl3
M1V1 = M2V2 dilution formula

2nd :
(0.140 M)(10.0 mL) = (? M)(100.0 mL)
0.0140 M = M2 final concentration
18
19
Solution Stoichiometry
50.0 mL of 6.0 M H2SO4 (battery acid) were spilled and
solid NaHCO3 (baking soda) is to be used to neutralize the
acid. How many grams of NaHCO3 must be used?
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3 → 2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2CO2(g)
20
50.0 mL ? g Our Goal
6.0 M
Look!
=
6.0 mol A conversion

L factor!
21
50.0 mL ? g Our Goal
6.0 M
=
6.0 mol
L
H2SO4 NaHCO3 NaHCO3
50.0 mL 6.0 mol H 2SO 4 2 mol 84.0 g
= 50.4 g NaHCO3
1000mL 1 mol mol
H 2 SO 4
H2SO4 NaHCO3
22
23
Solution Stoichiometry:
Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution are needed to

neutralize 35.0 mL of 0.125 M H2SO4 solution.
2
____NaOH 1 2SO4 
+ ____H 2 2O
____H + 1 2SO4
____Na

Equation.
24
Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution is needed to

2
____NaOH 1 2SO4 
+ ____H 2 2O
____H + 1 2SO4
____Na
0.102 M mol 35.0 mL
L 0.125 mol 0.125 mol
? mL =
L 1000 mL
Our Goal
Since 1 L = 1000 mL, we can use
this to save on the number of conversions
Now, let’s get organized. Place

numerical Information and
accompanying UNITS below each
compound.
25
Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution is needed to

2
____NaOH 1 2SO4 
+ ____H 2 2O
____H + 1 2SO4
____Na
0.102 M mol 35.0 mL
L 0.125 mol 0.125 mol
? mL sho =
rtcu L 1000mL
t
Units Match
H2SO4 H2SO4 NaOH
35.0 mL 0.125 mol 2 mol 1000 mL NaOH = 85.8 mL NaOH
1000 mL 1 mol 0.102 mol NaOH
H2SO4 H2SO4
Now let’s get to work

converting. 26
27
What volume of 0.40 M HCl solution is needed to

completely neutralize 47.1 mL of 0.75 M Ba(OH)2?
1st write out

a balanced chemical
equation
28
What volume of 0.40 M HCl solution is needed to

completely neutralize 47.1 mL of 0.75 M Ba(OH)2?
2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + BaCl2

0.40 M 47.1 mL
? mL 0.75 M
Units match
Ba(OH)2 HCl HCl

47.1 mL 0.75mol Ba(OH)2 2 mol 1000 mL
0.40 mol
= 176 mL HCl
1000 mL Ba(OH)2 1 mol
Ba(OH)2 HCl
29
30
31
Solution Stochiometry Problem:
A chemist performed a titration to standardize a barium hydroxide

solution. If it took 23.28 mL of 0.135 M hydrochloric acid to neutralize
25.00 mL of the barium hydroxide solution, what was the concentration of
the barium hydroxide solution in moles per liter (M)?
2
____HCl(aq) + 1
____Ba(OH) 2 1
2(aq)  ____H2O(l) + ____BaCl2(aq)
23.28 mL 25.00 mL
0.135 mol ? mol
L L

chemical reaction.
32
A chemist performed a titration to standardize a barium hydroxide

solution. If it took 23.28 mL of 0.135 M hydrochloric acid to neutralize
25.00 mL of the barium hydroxide solution, what was the concentration of
the barium hydroxide solution in moles per liter (M)?
2
____HCl(aq) + 1
____Ba(OH) 2 1
2(aq)  ____H2O(l) + ____BaCl2(aq)
23.28 mL 25.00 mL
? mol Units match on top!
0.135 mol
L L
23.28 mL HCl 0.135 mol HCl l mol Ba(OH) 2

= 0.0629 mol Ba(OH)2
25.00 x 10-3 L 1000 mL HCl 2 mol HCl
L Ba(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
Units Already Match on Bottom!

33
34
48.0 mL of Ca(OH)2 solution was titrated with 19.2

mL of 0.385 M HNO3. Determine the molarity of the
Ca(OH)2 solution.
We must first
write a balanced
equation.
35
48.0 mL of Ca(OH)2 solution was titrated with 19.2

mL of 0.385 M HNO3. Determine the molarity of the
Ca(OH)2 solution.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2 HNO3(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
48.0 mL 19.2 mL 0.385 mol
?M 0.385 M =
L
HNO3 HNO 3
19.2 mL 0.385 mol 1mol Ca(OH) 2
=0.0770 mol(Ca(OH) 2)
1000 mL 2mol HNO 3 48.0 x 10-3 L L (Ca(OH) )

2
HNO 3
units match!
36
37
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
Nowthe
First copy down place
numerical the
the BALANCED
information below
equation!
the compounds.
38
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? moles
Hide
one
Two starting
amounts?
Where do we
start?
39
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol
Hide ? moles
Based on: 3mol O 2
0.15 mol KO2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2
40
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol
Hide 0.10 mol ? moles
Based on: 3mol O 2
0.15 mol KO2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2
Based on: 0.10 mol H2O 3mol O 2

= 0.150 mol O2
H2O 2mol H 2O
41
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? moles
Based on: 3mol O 2
0.15 mol KO2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2 It was limited by the
amount of KO2.
Based on: 0.10 mol H2O 3mol O 2
= 0.150 mol O2
H2 O 2mol H 2O
H2O = excess (XS) reactant!
What is the theoretical yield?

Hint: Which is the smallest
amount? The is based upon the
limiting reactant? 42
Theoretical yield vs. Actual yield
Suppose the theoretical yield for an

experiment was calculated to be
19.5 grams, and the experiment
was performed, but only 12.3
grams of product were recovered.
Determine the % yield.
Theoretical yield = 19.5 g based on limiting reactant

Actual yield = 12.3 g experimentally recovered
actual yield
% yield = x 100
theoretical yield
12.3
% yield = x 100 = 63.1% yield
19.5 43
Limiting/Excess Reactant Problem with % Yield
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

If a reaction vessel contains 120.0 g of KO2 and 47.0 g of H2O,
how many grams of O2 can be produced?
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0 g 47.0 one
Hide g ?g
Based on: 120.0 g KO2 mol 3mol O 2 32.0g O 2 = 40.51 g O2

KO2 71.1g 4mol KO 2 mol O 2
44
Limiting/Excess Reactant Problem with % Yield
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0
Hideg 47.0 g ?g

Based on: 47.0 g H2O
mol H 2O 3 mol O 2 32.0g O 2
= 125.3 g O2
H 2O 18.02 g H 2O 2 mol H 2O mol O 2
Question if only 35.2 g of O2 were recovered, what was the percent yield?
actual 35.2
x 100 = x 100 = 86.9% yield
theoretical 40.51
45
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0 g 47.0 g ?g

Based on: 47.0 g H2O
mol H 2O 3 mol O 2 32.0g O 2
= 125.3 g O2
H 2O 18.02 g H 2O 2 mol H 2O mol O 2
Determine how many grams of Water were left over.
The Difference between the above amounts is directly RELATED to the XS H2O.
125.3 - 40.51 = 84.79 g of O2 that could have been formed from the XS water.
84.79 g O2 mol O 2 2 mol H 2O 18.02 g H 2O

= 31.83 g XS H2O
32.0 g O 2 3 mol O 2 1 mol H 2O
46
47
Try this problem (then check your answer):
Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 25.6 grams

of Al(NO3)3 in 455 mL of solution.
After you have

worked the
problem, click 25.6 g mole mol
here to see -3
= 0.264
setup answer 213 g 455 x 10 L L
48
49

Conversions Stoichiometry

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Conversions Stoichiometry

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STOICHIOMETRY TUTORIAL

Get a pencil and

2. Determine what is given and the UNITS.

View Complete Slide Show

Converting grams to moles

Mole to Mole Conversions

Gram-Mole and Gram-Gram Problems

Solution Stoichiometry Problems

Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :

Goal = ______ inches

3. Convert using factors (ratios). Units match

10 miles 5280 ft 12 inches = 633600 inches

A car is traveling at a speed of 45 miles per hr (45 miles/hr).

Determine how many moles there are in 5.17 grams of Fe(C5H5)2.

Given units match Goal

5.17 g Fe(C5H5)2 mol

Use the molar mass

Ratios are found within a chemical equation.

2HCl + 1 Ba(OH)2 → 2H2O + 1 BaCl2

coefficients give MOLAR RATIOS

2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 to form 2 moles of H2O

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

b. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?

4.3 mol N2O5 1mol O 2

When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:

210 g NO2 mol NO 2 2mol N 2O 5

75.0 g O2 mol O 2 2mol N 2O 5 108g N 2O 5

2 Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

First write a balanced

2 Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

Now let’s get organized.

Aluminum is an active metal that when placed in hydrochloric acid

2 Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

Molarity is a term used to express concentration. The units of molarity are

When working problems, it

molar mass of AlCl3

M1V1 = M2V2 dilution formula

6.0 mol A conversion

Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution are needed to

First write a balanced

Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution is needed to

Now, let’s get organized. Place

Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution is needed to

Now let’s get to work

What volume of 0.40 M HCl solution is needed to

1st write out

What volume of 0.40 M HCl solution is needed to

2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + BaCl2

Ba(OH)2 HCl HCl

A chemist performed a titration to standardize a barium hydroxide

First write a balanced

A chemist performed a titration to standardize a barium hydroxide

23.28 mL HCl 0.135 mol HCl l mol Ba(OH) 2

Units Already Match on Bottom!

48.0 mL of Ca(OH)2 solution was titrated with 19.2

48.0 mL of Ca(OH)2 solution was titrated with 19.2

1000 mL 2mol HNO 3 48.0 x 10-3 L L (Ca(OH) )

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

Based on: 0.10 mol H2O 3mol O 2

What is the theoretical yield?