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S.V. Rama Krishna

M.Com., CAIIB, ACS, LL.M.
M.Com.,
PG DIRPM, PGDMSM, PGDBA
Advocate
High Court of Andhra Pradesh

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 ORIGIN OF LAW
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 What is law?
 Romans
Romans:: Law is the standard of what is just and unjust
unjust..

 Hindus
Hindus:: Law is the command of God.
God. Hence, the Ruler is
also bound by law.
law.

 ohn Austin:
Austin: Law is a command issued by the
uncommanded commander known as µsovereign¶
µsovereign¶.. Such
commands are backed up by sanctions
sanctions..

 Kelson¶s Pure Theory:

Theory: Law norms are µought
ought¶¶ norms
(Grundnorms)
Grundnorms). Every legal act relates to a norm which
gives legal validity to it
it..
 "   ",-

 Roscoe Pound:
Pound: The task of law is continually more
efficacious social engineering (balance between
competing interests in society).
society).

 ohn Salmond:
Salmond: Law is the body of principles recognised
and applied by the state in the administration of justice.
justice.

 Blackstone
Blackstone:: Law in its general and comprehensive sense,
signifies a rule of action and it applied indiscriminately to
all kinds of action, whether animate or inanimate, rational
or irrational.
irrational.´

. /
.*
Primary Sources:

i. Customs and Usages (practices of ethnic groups)

ii. udicial Precedents (already decided cases)
iii. Statutes ± Acts of Legislatures (Parliament & State legislatures)
iv. Personal Laws (dealing with marriages, divorces,
maintenance, adoptions, inheritance of ancestral properties)

Secondary Sources:

i. English Law (due to colonial rule)

ii. Common Law
iii. Equity
iv. Roman Law
* ##"01
 Ensure justice to all
 Stability, predictability and continuity so that people
can be sure of how to order their affairs in society.
(focuses on rights and duties as responsible citizen).
 Instrument of peaceful change

 Rule of ³law´ and not rule of rulers

*!2 
 Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea : (mens rea
rea):The
):The act
itself does not constitute guilt unless done with a guilty intent.

 Ubi jus ibi idem remedium

remedium:: Where there is a right, there is a
remedy.

 Ignorantia facti excusat

excusat,, ignorantia juris non-
non-excusant:
excusant:
ignorance of fact excuses, ignorance of the law excuses not.


atural law: a law which so necessarily agrees with the nature

and state of man that without observing its maxims the peace
and happiness of society can never be preserved, and is so
called µbecause of knowledge of them may be attained merely by
the light of reason, from the fact of their essential agreeableness
with the constitution of human race.
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