C Lecture#03 Environmental Aspects of Harbour Maint

p

|
þ
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
RELATED TO
MARINE ENGINEERING

THE NATURAL WATER CYCLE
Stored Vapors in the Earth Atmosphere

13,000 Cubic Kilometers
Precipitation on land Precipitation on Sea
Surface 119,000 Cu. KM Surface 458,000 Cu. KM
Total Evaporation from Evaporation from Seas
Land 72,000 Cu. KM 505,000 Cu. KM
Surface Run-off Sea Level ± World Oceans
47,000 Cu. KM 1,340,000,000 Cu. KM
Renewable Ground Water, Subsurface Water,
Fossil Ground Water
G
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN WATER RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN
WATER RESOURCES
- Water in nature
nature--our blue Planet
- Water Cycle
- Water & The living Matter
HABITAT, CONSITITUENTS,
VECTOR
[
HABITAT ± was made possible by the

properties of sea water
1- Thermal stability, meaning temp
temp--
variations are slow & moderate.
2- Abundance of nutrients in forms
EASY to ABSORB & ASSIMILATE
3- Minimal resistance to motion
4- Abundance of OXYGEN &
protection from SOLAR
RADIATION¶S
r
CONSTITUENT of living organism,

Water represents upto 90% to 98% of the
weight of some aquatic species
and
60--70% of the weight of an adult human
60
being.

VECTOR ---- Water is the vector of

nutrients distributed throughout the
whole organism the forms of solutions.
A mature man needs at least 2.5 liters of

water per day, everyday during his entire
existence.
This amount varies up to 101 / days

depending on local temp.

WATER & HUMAN COMMUNITIES
WATER AS A RESOURCE
- MUNICIPAL & INDUSTRIAL USE.
- IRRIGATION
- GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
- WATER USE IN THERMAL POWER
PLANTS
- WATER FOR LEISURE & BEAUTY

WATER RESOURCES
97% IS SEA WATER,
OF THE REMAINING FRESH WATER 75%

IS IN SOLID STATE IN THE PLANT¶S ICE
CAPS & GLACIERS
NATURAL WATER RESOURCES ARE

THE SEAS, NATURAL LAKES, RIVERS,
SUB SURFACE WATER, GLACIERS.
-
COASTAL WATERS
For various reasons people have
attracted to coastal waters.
ECOLOGY
(flora, fauna, soil, climate) plays an
increasingly important role in the
preparation, construction, and
Management of Hydraulic Engineering
projects.
|
The implementation of a project has a

distinct Impact on coastal areas,
such as TRANSFORMATION
sedimentation, erosion
CLOSURE Fresh or saline
REDUCTION OF TIDAL ACTION
||
PERMANENT EXPOSURE fertile land

reclaimed
RECLAMATION
POLLUTION Industrial Waste, Pesticide,

Heavy Metals
Coastal Area are NURSERIES for young

fishes & an excellent Habitat for many
birds.
|
GUIDE LINES TO WORK OUT EFFECTIVE

MANAGEMENT
1- SETTING UP THE INSTITUTIONAL

FRAMEWORK Consisting of
representative of provincial &
central government.
2- SETTING THE BOUNDARIES OF

THE AREA COVERED BY
THE PLAN.
|G
3- ASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTING

SITUATION AND WAYS IN WHICH
THE AREA IS CURRENTLY BEING
USED.
4- ASSESSMENT OF HOW THE AREA
WOULD BE EXPECTED TO
DEVELOP WITHOUT CHANGE OF
POLICY.
5- ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL
AND REQUIREMENT OT VARIOUS
USERS.
|[
6- EVALUATION OF WAYS IN WHICH THE

AREA IS USED AND HOW THESE USES
ARE CHANGING IN RELATION TO
OTHER USES AND OTHER FACTORS, TO
OBTAIN INFORMATION ON ACTUAL OR
POTENTIAL AREAS OF CONFLICT AND
TO IDENTITY AREAS IN WHICH MORE
INFORMATION IS NEEDED.
7- FORMULATION OF AIMS AND WAYS IN

WHICH THE USES OF THE AREA
SHOULD BE DEVELOPED.
Full control, Rigid control, Standard
control, Marginal control, Lack of control.
|r
8- MAKING A SELECTION FROM THESE OPTIONS

AND DECIDING ON THE FORM OF
MANAGEMENT REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THEM.
- Concerning the nature of policy analysis
- Concerning the contents of policy
analysis
- Concerning the stages of policy analysis
- Concerning the selection process
- Concerning the issue to be considered
- Concerning the need of a policy plan
- Concerning socio
socio--economic data
availability
|
9- IDENTIFYING THE
ADMINSTRATIVE AND
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
REQURIED BY THIS FORM OF
MANAGEMENT, AND DEVELOPING
THEM IF NECESSARY.
10--
10 CHARTING THE CONSEQUENCES
OF THE POLICY FOR THE
POLICIES OF THE VARIOUS
REGULATORY AGENCIES ACTIVE
IN THE AREA. |
11--
11 DRAWING UP AN ACTION PLAN
CONTAINING THE OBJECTIVES TO
BE ACHIEVED BY VARIOUS
AGENCIES DURING THE
PLANNING PERIOD.
|
12--
12 FORMULATING A PROCEDURE
FOR MODIFYING THE PLAN.
13--
13 FORMULATING AN INTERIM
POLICY TO BE IMPLEMENTED
DURING THE PERIOD THAT THE
ESTUARY IS UNDERGOING
SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES.
|-
AGENCY ACTIVITIES
To conclude on guidelines one may
summarize characteristic activities,
performed by agencies dealing with
estuary issues.
Not considering the actual organization
of an Agency as this will depend very
much on the culture of any country, one
can consider tasks which, in any
organization will need to a certain extent
attention.

What activities can, besides regular

organizational duties, more or less be
defined as standard agency activities?
A small, not necessarily exhaustive,

listing may indicate tasks to be
performed:
|
1. Concerning the reconnaissance of the

estuary problem one may consider to:
- Program research
- Assign external projects
- Implement structured interviews of
political actors
- Scrutinize newspapers, bulleting, etc.
trying to isolate major issues
- Implement structured interviews of
scientists
- Make a list of expected strengths and
weaknesses

2. Concerning the formulation of

(general) goals regarding the estuary to:
- Initiate management
- File information on all people and
organizations involved in the estuary
- Scrutinize past and current actions
- List all current procedures involved
G
3. Concerning the derivation of (quantified )

objectives to:
- Design a functions / conflicts matrix

- Add to existing procedures
- Define actions that can not be met by
existing procedures list (provisional ±
realistic) maxima of pollution values allowed
to be emitted
- List (provisional ± realistic ) minima of
nature values to be arrived at
- Define economic / social / cultural
constraints
[
4. Concerning the design of alternative courses of

action to:
- Make function maps of the estuary basin ( on a periodic

basis preferably in GIS) (i.e. a map of streams
infrastructure, Industries, energy production, agriculture,
urban areas, etc.)
- Locate emission points of pollution
- Trace areas downstream of outlets having low water
velocity (such as coastal bays)
- Locate vulnerable areas such a mud flats
- Develop courses of action that aim at achieving the
stated maxima of the objective
r
5. Concerning the evaluation of

these courses of action to:
- Assign external projects

- Organize a panel of experts
- Provide courses for the actors
involved
- Produce ready information for
politicians
- Provide proper information for local
newspapers, incidental and periodic.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
OF
HARBOUR MAINTENANCE
AND
DEVELOPMENTS

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF HARBOUR
MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENTS
Introduction
Port and harbor development normally

create economic growth and prosperity.
However experience has shown that

negative environmental aspects are
associated to these developments, as
well.

Many activities can have serious

implications for may aspects of the
environment.
This lecture has been prepared with the

object of providing a global overview of
the range of environmental problems in
ports and harbors, and to indicate
directions for solution.
-
The following items shall be discussed:
1. Quality aspects
2. Ship discharges and spills
3. Dredging quantity
4. Dredging
5. Sediment quality
6. Land ± related impacts
7. Solutions
G
Background
The background of environmental
concern is the global awareness that the
natural resources of the earth must be
safeguarded for present and future
generations.
During United Nations Conferences on the

Environment, several declarations related
to this subject have been launched.
G|
The FAO (Food and Agriculture

Organization) has also described that the
use of natural resources should not
result in their degradation nor their
destruction:
For the survival of man is tied to the

maintenance of their productivity.
G
The concern of these and other

international organizations has been
caused by their observation of the quality
of life being threatened by the negative
effects of mans pursuit of certain social
and economic goals.
It turns out that the delicate balance of

nature has been disturbed in many
places by mismanagement.
GG
The cost to restore this natural balance is

manifold more expensive than the
prevention of environmental damage.
Therefore, sound management of natural

resources and systematic attention to the
impact of our actions on the environment
is essential.
G[
This is the only way to create a

sustainable development of life.
Natural resources include not only

resources like water, soil and air, but
also living resources like plants, animals
and fishes.
Gr
These principles have been laid down in

several declaration, agreements and
conventions.
This means for the authorities of ports

and harbors that environmental concern
is a vital item in port management.
It has been found that environmental

damage can be prevented or greatly
reduced at acceptable cost.
G
More over, in many cases environmental

projection measures have economic
benefits that exceed their economic cost.
In other cases qualitative or not readily
quantified benefits, (particularly form
avoidance of irreversible effects) may
readily justify the cost of protection.
In most cases, preventive measures give
more effective protection and at less cost
than later remedial measures.
G
Related to ports and harbors, problems

that may occur through human actions
include:
- accelerated erosion or accretion

caused by a new harbourlay out
- salt wedge intrusion
G
- contamination from:
* pollution from ship spills or discharges
* uncontrolled run-
run-off or waste disposal
* disturbance by disposal of polluted
dredged materials
* accidents
G-
This may result in:
- loss of animal, plant or marine

species or the natural habitats on
which they depend
- loss of fishery potential
- occupational and health hazards,
etc.
[
Clearly, for any particular project, only

some of the impacts need to be
considered.
Also, the impacts that have to be

considered in a port in the Pakistan will
be quite different from those in a port in
the USA.
[|
Even for ports in adjacent countries the

impacts are likely to be very different as
a consequence of the cargo being handled,

the geography,
the hydrology,
the relative urban and industrial locations,
and numerous other factors.
[
There are however, some environmental

aspects in ports and harbors which seem
to occur with greater frequency than
others and these will be discussed in this
lecture.
[G
Quality aspects of contaminants

in aquatic ecosystems
Through the release of industrial,
household and agricultural effluents and
waste in reveres and harbors, many
contaminants are introduced in the
ecosystem of the harbor.
[[
The main groups of environmental

contaminants which can be
distinguished, are :
1. nutrients
2. pathogenic organisms
3. marine salts
4. heavy metals
[r
5. inorganic substances
6. aromatic hydrocarbons
7. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH)
8. chlorinated hydrocarbons
9. pesticides
10. mineral oil and others
[
The components from the first four

groups have a natural background.
However, if the concentration of these

components is too high harm or danger
can occur.
Nutrients Substances which belong to

this group are phosphorus and nitrogen.
They serve as a source of nutrient (food)
for the living organisms in the aquatic
environment. [
CHECK LIST
FOR
OF
HARBOUR MAINTENANCE
AND
DEVELOPMENTS
[
CHECKLIST
For port and harbor authorities its
important to know the environmental
aspects to deal with.
This check list gives an overview of the

relevant environmental aspects that
should be considered in harbor
maintenance or development.
[-
To help in using this list a small box []

has been put before each item as well as
the number of the paragraph in which the
subject has been dealt.
The box [] can be used to check as you

go through the list to note your having
considered this particular aspect.
r
[] 1. Legislation
[] 1.1 Knowledge of existing national and

international legislation.
[] 1.2 Port regulation in accordance with
national and international
legislation.
[] 1.3 Port regulations inclusive
enforcement for the purpose of the
control of the environmental
aspects in the port. r|
[] 2. Control
[] 2.1 Port procedures for monitoring and

control of environmental aspects
and nuisance.
[] 2.2 Procedures for the handling of
dangerous substances.
[] 2.3 Identification of possible sources
of pollution.
r
[] 2. Control (Contd.)
[] 2.4 Identification of areas that are
sensitive to spillage and
procedures for the handling of
spills.
[] 2.5 Procedures for cleaning and repair.
[] 2.6 Procedures for collection and
treatment of garbage, sewage and
oily ballast and bilge water
[] 2.7 Contingency plan for the case of
accidents. rG
[] 3. Facilities
[] 3.1 Identification of possible and

necessary facilities.
[] 3.2 Identification of appropriate areas
for handling hazardous cargo.
[] 3.3 Facilities for collection and
treatment of tank washings,
machinery residues and sledges.
r[
[] 3. Facilities (Contd.)
[] 3.4 Facilities for the collection and

treatment of oily ballast and bilge
water.
treatment of sewage both from
ships as from land discharges.
disposal of garbage.
rr
[] 3. Facilities (Contd.)
[] 3.7 Facilities for cleaning and repair.

[] 3.8 Equipment specialized to oil spill
response.
[] 3.9 Commercial weighing of the
financing of the above.
r
[] 4. Organization
[] 4.1 Organization structure for the
monitoring and control of the
environmental aspects in the port.
[] 4.2 Organization structure in case of

emergency
r
[] 5. Land-
Land-related impacts
[] 5.1 Identification of port activities with

environmental consequences
(construction, excavation, cargo ±
handling, navigation, traffic,
industry, run-
run-off from developed
areas, waste generation and
disposal, recreation).
r
[] 5. Land-
Land-related impacts (Contd.)
[] 5.2 Identification of quality objectives.

[] 5.3 Visual amenity
[] 5.4 Identification of visual offences
(uncontrolled dumps, broken
structures, visible oil spills etc).
[] 5.5 Care for landscaping and
aesthetics.
[] 5.6 Management structure to control
the visual amenity.
r-
[] 5. Land-
[] 5.7 Soil pollution

[] 5.8 Identification of possible sources of
soil pollution
[] 5.9 Environmental, geological and
hydro--geological data of possible
hydro
soil pollution areas.
[] 5.10 Investigation and determination of
priorities for the remediation of
soil pollution.

[] 5. Land-
[] 5.11 Preventive measures for possible

future soil pollution.
[] 5.12 Air pollution and dust
[] 5.13 Identification of possible sources.
[] 5.14 Meteorological data and data on
air--borne substances
air
[] 5.15 Identification of sensitive areas.
[] 5.16 Sources and control measures.
|
[] 5. Land-
[] 5.17 Noise
[] 5.18 Identification of sources.
[] 5.19 Planning for strategic location of
noise sources and buffer zones.
[] 5.20 Measures for suppression, shield
and control.
[] 5.21 Health and safety

[] 5. Land-
[] 5.22 Knowledge of existing legislation

and regulation.
[] 5.23 Protective measures (ventilation,
protective gear etc)
[] 5.24 Training of personnel.
[] 5.25 Regular health check of
personnel.
[] 5.26 Emergency routines.
G
[] 5. Land-
[] 5.27 Degradation of nearby areas

[] 5.28 Identification of sensitive areas
(nature reservation, wetlands,
drinking water resources,
shellfish and fishery grounds,
coastal areas, recreation areas,
agricultural areas, etc.)
[
[] 5. Land-
[] 5.29 Identification of activities with

environmental impact on these
areas (construction activities,
handling of cargo, ship
discharges and spills, industrial
discharges, sanitary and non-
non-
sanitary waste, excavation and
land reclamation, runoff from
storage and industrial sites etc).
r
[] 5. Land-
[] 5.30 Measures for prevention and

control of possible degradation.
[] 5.31 Measures in the contingency plan

for the protection of nearby areas.

[] 6. Monitoring
[] 6.1 Monitoring programme:
Determination of the amount, place
depth and frequency of sampling in
each monitoring step.
[] 6.2 Determination of the relevant
parameters to analyses.
[] 6.3 Determination of the equipment to
be used for sampling.

[] 6. Monitoring (Contd.)
[] 6.4 Quality standards

[] 6.5 Selection of the criteria for
classification.
[] 6.6 Selection of dredging and disposal
options for the various sediments.
[] 6.7 Determination of the amount, depth
and class of the various sediments.

[] 6.4 Quality standards

[] 6.5 Selection of the criteria for
classification.
[] 6.6 Selection of dredging and disposal
options for the various sediments.
[] 6.7 Determination of the amount, depth
and class of the various sediments.
-
[] 6.8 Environmental Dredging

[] 6.9 Consideration of possibilities for
reducing the quantity of
contaminated sediments to be
dredged.
[] 6.10 Reducing dispersion land
settlement of resuspended
sediments during dredging
operations.

[] 6.12 Protection of personnel during

dredging operations.
[] 6.13 Dredging equipment and methods
of operation to be used.
[] 6.14 Impact of capital dredging and
consequent altered bathymetry or
configuration on: current patterns, flows,
salt wedge intrusion, natural sediment
deposition, erosion, groundwater flow.
|
[] 6.15 Impact of dredging operations on

bottom habitat, aquatic biota and
fishery.
[] 6.16 Transport of the dredged material.

[] 7. Environmental dredging
preparation
[] 7.1 Identification of the sources of
contamination of the sediments.
[] 7.2 Consideration of the necessity to

adapt dredging operations due to
very contaminated dredged
material.
G
[] 8. Disposal of dredged
material
[] 8.1 Prevention
[] 8.2 Identification of sources of
pollution of the sediments.
[] 8.3 Identification of possibilities for
prevention of contamination of
sediments.
[
[] 8. Disposal of dredged material (Contd.)
[] 8.4 Consequences of possible

prevention, both in terms of socio-
socio-
cultural as cost consequences.
[] 8.5 Beneficial use
[] 8.6 Identification of possibilities for
beneficial use.
r
[] 8.7 Cost identification

[] 8.8 Disposal on land
[] 8.9 Identification of the environmental
impact when disposed on land
(drainage, loss of vegetation,
contaminants, slumping,
re-
re-vegetation, aquifer
contamination and dispersion,
leaching, capping, monitoring and
control, etc.)

[] 8.10 Identification of the technical,

socio--cultural and legislative
socio
consequences.
[] 8.11 Cost of the solution
[] 8.12 Disposal under water

[] 8.13 Identification of the environmental

impact when disposed under
water (dumping methods, loss of
bottom biota, biological
re-
re-colonization rates current
patterns and wave action,
requirements for capping,
monitoring and control, etc.)

[] 8.14 Identification of the technical, the

socio--cultural and legislative
socio
consequences.
[] 8.15 Coast of the solution.
[] 8.16 Artificial island
-
[] 8.17 Identification of environmental\

environmental\
impact when stored in an artificial
island (leaching, consolidation,
future destination, capping,
monitoring and control, etc.)

[] 8.18 Identification of the technical, the

socio--cultural and the legislative
socio
consequences
[] 8.19 Cost of the solution
[] 8.20 Treatment
[] 8.21 Possibilities of treatment.
|
[] 8.22 Cost and socio-

socio-cultural impact of
the various alternatives.
[] 8.23 Selection of the optimum
solution based on both
environmental, technical, socio-
socio-
cultural, legislative and cost
consequences of the various
alternatives.

ð

G

C Lecture#03 Environmental Aspects of Harbour Maint

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

C Lecture#03 Environmental Aspects of Harbour Maint

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

p  

Stored Vapors in the Earth Atmosphere

HABITAT ± was made possible by the

CONSTITUENT of living organism,

VECTOR ---- Water is the vector of

A mature man needs at least 2.5 liters of

This amount varies up to 101 / days

WATER & HUMAN COMMUNITIES

97% IS SEA WATER,

OF THE REMAINING FRESH WATER 75%

NATURAL WATER RESOURCES ARE

The implementation of a project has a

CLOSURE Fresh or saline

REDUCTION OF TIDAL ACTION

PERMANENT EXPOSURE fertile land

POLLUTION Industrial Waste, Pesticide,

Coastal Area are NURSERIES for young

GUIDE LINES TO WORK OUT EFFECTIVE

1- SETTING UP THE INSTITUTIONAL

2- SETTING THE BOUNDARIES OF

3- ASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTING

6- EVALUATION OF WAYS IN WHICH THE

7- FORMULATION OF AIMS AND WAYS IN

8- MAKING A SELECTION FROM THESE OPTIONS

What activities can, besides regular

A small, not necessarily exhaustive,

1. Concerning the reconnaissance of the

2. Concerning the formulation of

3. Concerning the derivation of (quantified )

- Design a functions / conflicts matrix

4. Concerning the design of alternative courses of

- Make function maps of the estuary basin ( on a periodic

5. Concerning the evaluation of

- Assign external projects

Port and harbor development normally

However experience has shown that

Many activities can have serious

This lecture has been prepared with the

The following items shall be discussed:

During United Nations Conferences on the

The FAO (Food and Agriculture

For the survival of man is tied to the

The concern of these and other

It turns out that the delicate balance of

The cost to restore this natural balance is

Therefore, sound management of natural

This is the only way to create a

Natural resources include not only

These principles have been laid down in

This means for the authorities of ports

It has been found that environmental

More over, in many cases environmental

Related to ports and harbors, problems

- accelerated erosion or accretion

- salt wedge intrusion

This may result in:

- loss of animal, plant or marine

Clearly, for any particular project, only

Also, the impacts that have to be

Even for ports in adjacent countries the

a consequence of the cargo being handled,

There are however, some environmental

Quality aspects of contaminants

p