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Charge

F
+ Glass rods
+ ++
+ rubbed with silk
++ ++  each other
++++
+

F
Glass - Glass Repulsion
Lucite - Lucite Repulsion
Glass - Lucite Attraction

Charge on glass: µ
¶
Charge on lucite: µ¶
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| pirical Observation:
Si ilar charges repel;
Opposite charges attract

Ato ic theory
Charge is an electrical property of atter.
|lectrons: negative; Protons: positive

Basic unit of charge:  

Charge of proton = 1.602 x 10-19 C
Charge of electron = -1.602 x 10-19 C

Notation for charge

Q -- fixed in ti e
q or q(t) -- ti e dependent
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Field around
test charge


 
Force on unit
charge gives rise to
Charge in 

|  !
 "    

Control is achieved using circuits

Si ple   include ,
, , #, and 
 .
 ||
  
 $

Current
The net flow of charge across any area of atter
constitutes a current through the area.
Basic unit of current: % %
1 A pere equals the net ove ent of 1 C
of charge per second. % & '
Convention
The direction of current flow is in a direction
opposite to the flow of electrons, or along the flow
of positive charges.
|xa ples using generalized circuit ele ents:

current current

positive negative
charges charges
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 (

Note: current can be positive or negative.

Current flow is easy through #.
Metals are good conductors.

Current flow is difficult through .

Cera ics are good insulators.
|)

In 1 sec, 6.24 x 1017 electrons pass fro left to

right through the left end of the copper wire shown.
(a) What direction does the current flow?
(b) What is the agnitude of the current?

Cu wire

e-
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 *

+
(a) Current flows fro right to left
(b) Charge of electron = -1.602 x 10-19 C, or
-1 C = charge of 6.24 x 1018 electron
x A = x C/sec
6.24 x 1017 electrons = -0.1 C
Therefore, current = -0.1 A (L to R)
0.1 A (R to L)
If a net charge Vq crosses a boundary in Vt sec,
then,
V & V, ' V
where I denotes a constant current that is
independent of ti e.
 ||
  
 -

The instantaneous, or ti e dependent, current is

 & #, ' #
where q(t) is the a ount of charge crossing a
boundary in interval (to, t). The integral for of
this equation is,
¢t
q(t) = i(t) dt
-

Current that is constant with ti e is called

#  #.
Current that varies —inu—oidally with ti e is called
  . i(t) = A sin(Õt + )
where A is the a plitude of the sin wave, Õ is the
angular frequency, and is the phase angle.
 ||
  
 .

|) i(t) A
6 wire
4

t (sec)
2 4 6 8 10
-2

For the ti e-dependent current shown, find the

charge transferred through a wire over the ti e
intervals (a) 0 à t à 4s and, (b) 0 à t à 10s .

+ ¢t
q(t) = i(t) dt
to

(a) By inspection, q(t) = 12 C

(b) q(t) = 12 C - 8 C = 4 C