Vwritingdone by

scholars for other

scholars
Vdevoted to topics
and questions that
are of interest to the
academic
community
Vshould present the
reader with an
informed argument.
VIts main purpose is
to inform
VOriting in these forms or
styles is usually serious,
intended for a critical and
informed audience, based
on closely-investigated
knowledge, and posits
ideas or arguments
Vhas an objective stance,
clearly states the
significance of the topic,
and is organized with
adequate detail so that
other scholars could try to
reproduce the results
V formal language
Vimpersonal language
Vcertain structural
element
Vhedging devices
 Informal Formal
An understanding
If users know
of the fundamental
how search operations of the
engines work search engine will
they can provide improved
deal better user interface.
with them.
V
hoose more complex words
V Limit the use of two-word
prepositional verbs (verbs +
preposition)
V Avoiding abbreviations and
contraction
 Informal Formal
An understanding
If users know
of the fundamental
how search operations of the
engines work search engine will
they can provide improved
deal better user interface.
with them.
. The week-long power
outrages used up/consumed
the store·s entire stock of
batteries.
2. The candidate·s loyal
supporters gathered
around/assembled in the town
plaza.
ï. The committee was formed to
look into/investigate the
reports of cheating.
4. The newly installed system has
enabled offices to throw
away/discard outdated files.
 ðersonal Impersonal
If you don·t know Navigating
how to navigate through an e-
through an e- commerce site
commerce site, can be time-
you will waste a lot consuming for
of time those who may be
unfamiliar with the
process.
V There should be distance
between the reader and the
writer
V Distance refers to the wording
and expression that conveys a
sense of non-familiarity and
objectivity; it may also refer to a
sense of detachment to the
readers.
VAnother way to
reduce personal
language is to avoid
the use of emotive
language.
VNominalization
VUseof passive
construction
Further studies Further studies
can be can be
conducted to conducted to
solve the find solutions to
technical the technical
problems problems
surrounding e- surrounding e-
commerce commerce.
The team can The
accomplish its accomplishment
goals through of goals can be
hard work done through
the hard work of
the team
The economy The
did not perform performance of
well. the economy
was dismal.
Active voice ðassive voice
The decision of the The sharp increase
major petroleum of the price of oil in
producing the world market
countries to cut was caused by the
production caused decision of the
the sharp increase major petroleum-
of oil prices in the producing
world market. countries to cut
production.
Active voice ðassive voice
The company can The cost savings
use the cost can be used to
savings to add add value to a
value to their company·s
products. products.
4pecific language refers to the
use of terms or concepts that are
easier to identify and understand
Example: move ² (a general term)
4pecific terms: walk, jump, run,
glide, etc.
ãeing specific also means the use
of concrete terms as opposed to
abstract
Example: the girl is beautiful
(to make it concrete, specify
features that makes the girl
beautiful ² smooth skin, pointed
nose, pearly teeth)
V(edging refers to cautious
language
VOhy make use of hedging
. An academic writer is supposed
to be objective
2. ðrovides greater interaction with
the readers
4entence without 4entence with hedging
hedging device device
A repeat o f It is possible that the
terrorist attack, as threat of terrorism is
more serious than
massive as 9/, is ever before, and that
just a matter of a massive attack like
time 4eptember , may
be just a matter of
time.
Vicro skills
. 4ummarizing
2. ðaraphrasing
VFormal
VImpersonal
V4tructured and 4pecific
V(edged
VFormal
è
hoose the more
formal one-word verb
over the two-word
equivalent
VFormal
èDonot use
abbreviated forms
and contractions
VFormal
èAvoididiomatic
expressions and
colloquial words
VImpersonal
èDonot address
readers directly using
´youµ
VImpersonal
èAvoid asking
rhetorical questions
V4tructured and
4pecific
è
hoose passive
construction to focus
on the action
V4tructured and
4pecific
èUse noun forms
instead of verbs
V4tructured and
4pecific
èUse specific and
concrete language
V(edged
èUsecautious
language
VA summary is a short and
concise representation of
the main points, ideas,
concepts, facts or
statements of a text
written in your own words.
V Ohen summarizing, you should not
alter:
Vthe author's original
idea(s)
Vthe degree of certainty
with which the ideas are
expressed.
V To create / write a good summary,
you should read the article or text
a number of times to develop a
clear understanding of:
. the author's ideas and intentions
2. the meaning and details
ï. the force with which the ideas are
expressed.
V Orite notes in point form using
keywords
V Orite the summary directly from
your notes without re-reading the
passage.
V Refer back to the original to
ensure that your summary is a true
reflection of the writer's ideas.
V Topic sentences provide a quick
outline of the main idea(s)
presented in a paragraph.
V Ohen summarizing a chapter or
article, the introduction and
conclusion should provide a good
overview of the content.
VA paraphrase is when you
write published materials
in your own words without
changing its original
meaning.
VItis usually about the
same length as the
original, as opposed to a
summary which is usually
much shorter.
VItis important that the
sentence structure and
the vocabulary are not
too similar to the original.
VThe main way to
paraphrase is to:
. change the structure of
the paragraph
2. change the words.
Vðut the paragraph / book
away and using the main
points, write your
paraphrase from memory.
VRead the sentence to be
paraphrased a number of
times
V
ircle the specialized
words
VUnderline keywords that
can be changed
VFind alternative words for
the keywords
V 4ummaries need to be
referenced. Ohether you have
summarized or paraphrased an
author's words, thoughts, ideas
etc, a citation to the original
source of the words, thoughts,
ideas etc must be provided.