m

 



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› As we all know isotopes is the same no.

of proton but different no. of nucleon .
› Whereas radioisotopes are unstable
isotopes which decay and give out
radioactive emissions.
› 9


› À The seeds which resist attack of pest and
give higher production is achieve by radiation.
These of seeds are produced after mutation
through radiation.
› À Radiation is also used to kill bacteria.
› À Radio isotopes are used to determine the
optimum amount of fertilizers and other
nutrients for the proper growth of plants
› © 
› À Radio phosphorous-32 and radio iodine-131 are
used as tracer to trace out the path of an element in
the human body, animal and plant.
› À Phosphorous-32 is used to locate precisely the
location of brain tumor.
› À Radio phosphorous-32 has been found effective for
treating leukemia.
› À iodine-131 is used for the study of thyroid gland
disorder.
› À Radio cobalt-60 is widely used to treat cancerous
tumors in human body.
› À Radiation in low dosages can also be used for
sterilizing bandages and surgical instruments.
"

 
aturally occurring radioisotopes:
Chlorine--36: Used to measure sources of chloride and the
Chlorine
age of water (up to 2 million years
Carbon--14: Used to measure the age of water (up to
Carbon
50,000 years
Tritium (H-
(H-3 : Used to measure 'young' groundwater (up to
30 years

ead--210: Used to date layers of sand and soil up to 80

ead
years
Artificially produced radioisotopes:
Americium--241:
Americium
Used in backscatter gauges, smoke detectors, fill height
detectors and in measuring ash content of coal.
Caesium--137:
Caesium
Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources
of soil erosion and deposition, in density and fill height
level switches.
Silver--110m, Cobalt
Silver Cobalt--60,
anthanum

anthanum--140, Scandium
Scandium--46,
Gold--198:
Gold
Used together in blast furnaces to determine resident
times and to quantify yields to measure the furnace
performance.
› Cobalt-
Cobalt-60:
Used for gamma sterilisation, industrial radiography,
density and fill height switches.
› Gold
Gold--198 & Technetium
Technetium--99m:
Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as
well as tracing factory waste causing ocean pollution,
and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean
floors.
› Strontium
Strontium--90, Krypton
Krypton--85, Thallium
Thallium--204:
Used for industrial gauging.
› Zinc
Zinc--65 & Manganese
Manganese--54:
Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal
components in effluents from mining waste water.
› Iridium
Iridium--192, Gold
Gold--198 & Chromium
Chromium--57:
Used to label sand to study coastal erosion
› Ytterbium
Ytterbium--169, Iridium
Iridium--192 & Selenium
Selenium--75:
Used in gamma radiography and non- non-destructive
testing.
› Tritiated Water:
Used as a tracer to study sewage and liquid wastes.
Geiger-muller counter
£  

› A w

 is a device that detects smoke

smoke..
Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices
issue a signal to a fire alarm system,
system, while household
detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a
local audible and/or visual alarm from the detector
itself.
› Smoke detectors are typically housed in a disk-
disk-shaped
plastic enclosure about 150 millimetres (6 in in
diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in thick, but the shape
can vary by manufacturer or product line. Most smoke
detectors work either by optical detection
(photoelectric or by physical process (ionization
(ionization , while
others use both detection methods to increase
sensitivity to smoke. Smoke detectors are usually
powered by a central fire alarm system, which is
powered by the mains with a battery backup.
Household detectors are usually powered by batteries
batteries..