c 



 
 

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 Learning Outcomes

Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan teknik

modulasi frekuensi dan karakteristiknya.

Bina Nusantara 2
 Outline Materi

K Prinsip Modulasi Frekuensi

K Bandwidth
K Hubungan dengan Modulasi Fasa

Bina Nusantara 3
 Angle Modulation

K The angle modulation can be expressed

mathematically as:
m(t) = Vccos [Ȧct + D(t)]
‰ m(t) = angle modulated wave
‰ Vc = peak carrier amplitude (Volt)
‰ ±c = carrier radian frequency (rad/sec)
‰ D(t ) = instantaneous phase deviation (radians)
K The magnitude of the frequency ((f) and phase
deviation ((D) is proportional to the amplitude of the
modulating signal, Vm and the rate at which the
changes are occurring is equal to the modulating
signal frequency, fm.

Bina Nusantara 4
 Angle Modulation

K Frequency & Phase Modulation (FM & PM) are both

forms of Angle Modulation.
K Because of its superior performance than AM, it is
used extensively for commercial broadcasting radio
broadcasting, television sound transmission, 2-way
mobile radio, cellular radio, microwave and satellite
communications systems.

Bina Nusantara 5
 Frequency Modulation

K Frequency Modulation is the process of changing

carrier frequency by the modulating signal while
the carrier amplitude remains constant.
K As the modulating signal amplitude increases,
the carrier frequency increases and vice versa.
K The amount of change in carrier frequency
produced by the modulating signal is called
Frequency Deviation ((f). Meanwhile, the change
in phase is called Phase Deviation ((D)
K The deviation is proportional to the amplitude of
the modulating signal.

Bina Nusantara 6
 Frequency Modulation

K FM produces pairs of sidebands spaced from the

carrier in multiples of the modulating frequency.
K The modulation index m of FM signal is the ratio of
the frequency deviation fd to the modulating
frequency, fm (m = fd / fm)
K The modulation index determines the number of
significant pairs of sidebands in FM signals.

Bina Nusantara 7
 Frequency Modulation

The frequency of a harmonic carrier signal is

varied in such a way that the instantaneous
frequency deviation i.e. the difference between the
instantaneous frequency and the carrier frequency
is linearly related to the size of the modulating
signal at a given instant of time.

a oa
    oa
a a
D
a oa

a oa a
 a     oa a
2 2

 a


oa

  ± a      oa a  D  
 2
Èm
á
Ë is the frequency deviation sensitivity
 a 
 

Bina Nusantara 8
 Modulation Index

K Frequency modulation index is defined as

m = Kf Vm/Ȧm
K Frequency deviation which is the change in carrier
when acted on by a modulating signal frequency is
given by:
‰ Peak frequency shift in hertz
‰ Peak-to-peak frequency deviation of carrier swing
K Therefore m can be rewritten as
m=ǻf /fm

Bina Nusantara 9
 PM & FM Waveform

Carrier

Modulating
signal

FM

PM

Bina Nusantara 10
 Spektrum


  oa

 o  a 
 o
a



i 

 o 




o
  





Ún (m) is the Bessel function of the first kind


i 

  oa




o
 

 a 
a  

 2 o
 ±a 
 
 È  È  

  oa
   o

o±  ± a     o

o±  ± a    
       
 o
 Èo±  ± a     o
 Èo±  ± a    
          
  
FM:
PM:

=
±
Bina Nusantara 11
 Spektrum

K m = modulation index
K Vc = peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier
K Ú0(m)
= carrier component
K Ú1(m)
= first set of side frequencies displaced from
the carrier by Ȧm
K Ú2(m) = second set of side frequencies displaced
from the carrier by 2Ȧm
K Ún(m) = nth set of side frequencies displaced from
the carrier by nȦm

Bina Nusantara 12
 Spektrum

FM modulator: (f = 10 kHz, fm = 10 kHz, Vc = 10 V, fc = 500 kHz, m=1

Bina Nusantara 13
 Bandwidth

Low-index modulation (narrowband FM)

m <1 (fm>>(f), B = 2fm
High-index modulation (wideband FM)
m >10 ((f >>> fm), B = 2(fm
Actual bandwidth
B = 2nfm
(use Bessel table, n = number of significant sidebands)
Carson¶s rule (approx 98% of power)
B = 2 ((f + fm)
ǻf = peak frequency deviation
fm = modulating frequency

Bina Nusantara 14
 FM & PM Modulator

K FM modulator = integrator followed by a PM

Modulator
K FM Demodulator = PM demodulator followed by
a differentiator
K PM Modulator = Differentiator followed by an
FM Modulator
K PM Demodulator = FM demodulator followed by
an integrator

Bina Nusantara 15
 Frequency Modulator

Modulating
Frequency Direct
signal FM wave
modulator
source

'
 

±
a oa
±      oa
a a
D
a oa
 ±
a oa a
± a      oa a
2 2
 a

 oa

   a  
  oa
a 
 2

Ë is the deviation sensitivity

Bina Nusantara 16
 Summary

K Telah dipelajari karakteristik modulasi sudut

K Telah dipelajari modulasi frekuensi
K Telah dipelajari peran sidebands.

Bina Nusantara 17