Cell Growth &

Development
 Cell Size
• Cells have to take in food and get rid of
waste quickly
• The cell membrane limits the size of the cell
• If cell gets too large, it can’t function
properly
• As cells grow, 2 options:

divide or die
 Cell Division
• Why divide? • Different types of cell
- reproduce division
- grow
Prokaryotes (bacteria) use
- repair cell division for asexual
reproduction
– called binary fission
 Cell division (continued)
• All the genetic information is stored in the
DNA and must be present in each new cell
• When a cell divides, DNA is first copied
and then distributed
 Eukaryotic Division
• Information in DNA is
organized in genes
• Gene - segment of
DNA that codes for a
specific protein
• Genes determine how
a cell will develop and
function
• Genes are on
chromosomes
 Review…
In order to function most efficiently, cells
must remain
1) large
2) small

Name a purpose of cell division.

reproduction, growth, repair
 …review
A segment of DNA that codes for a
specific protein is called a
1) gene or 2) chromosome
1) GENE
 Chromosome
• Structure in the nucleus
that is made up of DNA
and proteins
• Parts of a chromosome:
Chromatid: one long
segment of DNA
Centromere: center of a
chromosome holding
sister chromatids
together
 Cell Cycle
• Consists of…
1) Interphase G1 - rapid cell growth
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - final growth phase
2) Mitosis - nuclear division
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
3) Cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm
and cell membrane
 Cell cycle
• Cells spends 90% of time in interphase
(G1, S, and G2)
• Cells enter mitosis when ready to divide
• Each phase is
regulated by checkpoints
Phases of Cell Cycle
 Interphase
Consists of G1, S & G2
Cells carrying on normal activities
Chromosomes aren’t visible
Most cells are in this phase
 G1
First growth stage
Cell increases in size
Cell copies organelles
Carries out its role for organism
 Synthesis
Copying of DNA
Chromosomes duplicated
 G2
Cell continues growing
Needed proteins produced
Final preparations for division
Interphase
Interphase
 Mitosis Phase
Cell growth & protein production
stop
Cell’s energy used to make 2
daughter cells
Called mitosis (or nuclear division)
 Stages of Mitosis

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cells Undergoing Mitosis
 Steps in Prophase
 DNA coils tightly & becomes visible as
chromosomes
 Nuclear membrane disappears
 Nucleolus disappears
 Centrioles migrate to poles (move to the
opposite ends of the cell)
 Spindle begins to form
Prophase
 Metaphase

 Spindle fibers from centrioles attach to each

chromosome
 Cell preparing to separate its chromosomes
 Cell aligns its chromosomes in the middle of
the cell (chromosomes meet in the middle of
the cell)
Metaphase
Metaphase
 Anaphase

Cell chromosomes are separated into

chromatids
Spindle fibers shorten so chromosomes
pulled to opposite ends of cell
Anaphase
Anaphase
 Telophase
Separation of chromosomes completed
Cell Plate forms (plants)
Cleavage furrow forms (animals)
Nucleus & nucleolus reform
Chromosomes uncoil (so they are not
visible again)
Telophase
 Telophase

       Plant  Animal
 Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
Occurs after chromosomes
separate
Forms two, identical daughter cells
 Cytokinesis

Cell Plate Forming in Plant Cells

Cell Division (Simplified)
 Mitosis Overview
• Produces 2 daughter cells that are
identical to each other and identical to the
parent cell
• No genetic variation
• This is how somatic cells (body cells)
reproduce
• Used for growth and repair
• Cancer- uncontrollable
growth of cells Cancer
• One of the genes at
checkpoints in cell
cycle is mutated so
cancer cells keeps
dividing
• Usually body’s immune
system destroys cancer
cells, if not forms a
tumor
• Older individuals have
a higher likelihood of
cancer due to many
mutations over time
 Cell Cycle Animations
• http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm
• http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/
chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_
works.html
• http://www.biology.arizona.edu/Cell_bio/tut
orials/cell_cycle/cells3.html