Chromosomes and Cell

Reproduction
 Cell Cycle
• Cell cycle- cycle of cell growth
• Interphase -
G1- rapid cell growth
S- DNA synthesis Interphase- first three phases

G2- final growth phase

• Mitosis - nucleus division (PMAT)
• Cytokinesis - dividing of cytoplasm and cell
membrane
Phases of Cell Cycle
Control of the Cell cycle
• Cancer is the uncontrollable
growth of cells
Cancer
• One of the genes at
checkpoints in cell cycle is
mutated, so cancer cells
keeps dividing
• Usually body’s immune
system destroys cancer cells,
if not forms a tumor
• Older individuals have a
higher likelihood of cancer
due to many mutations over
time
 Prokaryotic (Bacterial) Division
• Prokaryote cells are much smaller/simpler
• Divide more quickly
• Contain a single circular DNA molecule
• Go through a process of Binary Fission
– form of asexual reproduction that produces
offspring identical to parent (clones)
 Process of Binary Fission
1) DNA is copied so
each cell is identical
2) Cell membrane
pinches off between
copies
3) Results in 2
identical cells

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lmwbBzClAc&feature=related
Bacteria Reproduction
 Eukaryotic Division
• Information in DNA is
organized in genes
• Gene - segment of
DNA that codes for
protein
• Genes determine how
a person’s body will
develop and function
• Genes are on
chromosomes
 Chromosome number
• Different species have
different numbers of
chromosomes in their
nuclei
• No particular pattern to
chromosome numbers
 Human chromosomes
All human somatic
(body) cells contain
two sets/pairs of
23 chromosomes
(total of 46)

This is a karyotype.
 Chromosome number (cont.)
Two types of cells:
1) Haploid cells (1n) - one
set of chromosomes
(gametes - sperm and
egg)
2) Diploid cells (2n) - two
sets of chromosomes
(somatic cells - all other
cells)
 Is this a boy or girl?
• Of the 23 pairs of
chromosomes, 22 are
autosomal
– They have no effect on
gender. They are the
same in males &
females.
• Sex chromosomes - the
last set determines
gender
XX- female
XY- male
 When things go wrong…
• Changes in chromosome #
or structure can cause
abnormal development
• Trisomy 21 - three copies of
chromosome #21
– aka Downs syndrome
• Karyotype - photo that
shows chromosomes
– Used to determine
abnormalities/mutations
– Mutations -change in
chromosome structure
 Chromosome Mutations
123456
• Deletion – something is missing (1 2 3 4 6)
• Inversion - reversed (1 2 4 3 5 6)
• Translocation - from another location
(1 2 9 3 4 5 6)
• Duplication - doubled (1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6)
• Nondisjunction - failure to separate
– These will either be totally missing or an
entire extra copy will be present