The mixture various gases like o2,co2,watervap-

Our,nitrogen, etc is called air.
It comprises of atmosphere-
The multilayered gaseous envelope surrounding
The planet earth is called atmosphere.
Air :Air is a mixture of different gases.
Atmosphere : The blanket of air which covers the earth .

1%

21%

78%
 
Atmosphere controls the temperature of planet.
It generally makes the temperature constant.
Different layers of atmosphere-
1. Troposphere-10-20km
   

2. Stratosphere-20-50km
   

3. Mesosphere-50-100km
   

4. Ionosphere-100-200km
   

5. Exosphere –200-50km
   
 
 
Presence of various toxic gases in the
atmosphere like carbon dioxide,
carbon, mono oxiode, xides of
sulphur, nitrogen, fluoride,
lead,nickel,arsenic,cadmium, etc
causes Air Pollution.
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION-
1.    Heavy metals.
2.    Photochemical smog.
3.    Smokes.
4.    Ionising radiation.
5.    Automobile exhaust.
6.    Biocides elements.
7.    Radioactive elements.
8 Industrial waste
  
 
  Water- The most unusual natural compound found on earth
  and which fulfills almost various demands of different living
things.
 
About three fourth of the earth surface that is
75 are covered with water.
 
Now day’s water is also being polluted by human beings.
 
 
 
When water becomes unfit for drinking and other use then water is
said to be polluted.
 
CAUSES OF WATER PLLLUTION
1. Dumping of wastes from the industries into the water bodies.
   

2. Washing near water bodies.

   

3. Spraying chemical in water field.

   

4.conducting various radioactive tests in water.

5.dumping of cabbages and household wastes in to the water
bodies.
SOURES OF WATER-
1.River.
2.Pond.
3.spring.
4.well
5.rainwases
 

 
Soil is the portion of the earth surface consisting of disintegrated
rock and decaying organic material. It provides the support for
many plants and animals
HOW SOIL IS FORMED?
Soil is formed from the rock by under going the following two process-
1.Weathering
2.Paedogenesis
Over long periods of time, thousand and millions of year, the rock at o
surface of the earth are broken down by various physical, chemical a
biological process. The end product of this
Breaking down in the fine particle of soil
Composition of soil-
1.Gravel.
2.Sand particle.
3.Clay particle.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL
1.Sandy soil.
2.Clayey soil.
3.Lomy soil.
4.Residual soil.
5.Black soil.
6.Red soil.
7.Laterite soil.
8.Transported soil.
9.Alluvial soil.
10.Desert soil.
11.Mountainous soil.
 

SOIL EROSION- The process of removal of superficial fertile top

layer of soil by various agencies or forces is called soil erosion
 
 
   
 
 
  FORMATION OF RAIN-
Rain is formed by evaporation and condensation
Of water through water cycle in which distribution of water takes
place.
 
Rain is a very important things because it carries out all the
agriculture processes in the plants.
 

FORMATION OF RAIN-
Rain is formed by evaporation and condensation
Of water through water cycle in which distribution of water takes
place.
 
Rain is a very important things because it carries out all the
agriculture processes in the plants.
 
So, we should conserve rain by contracting dams, pools etc.
 

 
 
Water is a compound and includes two vital elements hydrogen and
oxygen. It forms a very
Important components of the environment and survival of all living
organism depends on it.
Ocean is the biggest store house of water which on evaporation
from clouds and which after condensation down as rain or snow.
After rain it passes through puddles, ponds and rivers and get
collect again in the ocean.
The circulation of water in this manner is known as
HYDROLIC CYCLE or WATER CYCLE. This cycle is
driven
By solar power and also per performed through
living organisms such as absorption and
transpiration of water by plants and drinking by
Animal.
The formation of soil, too, depends on water.
 
 
Nitrogen is another important chemical on earth and present in all
the living organism in the form of protein, amino acids and nucleic
acids.
Further process going on in this cycle they are-
First nitrogen has to be converted into nitrates for the use of plants.
This can be done either by industrial nitrogen fixation like by some
nitrogen fixation bacteria such as azotobactor which convert the
atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates which are soluble in water this
process is called nitrogen fixation.
After an animal excretes urea or uric acid or after an animal
Or plants dies, certain bacteria carry out ammonification : they
produce ammonia ions, or still other bacteria can change it to
nitrate[NO3-] by nitrification. Plants take in some of the nitrates
produced in this way.
The process of ammonia formation is called ammonification. Some
microorganisms (nitrosomonas converted ammonia into nitrates)
This process is called nitrification. Finally there are some
(decomposer, e.g.…, pseudomonas) Which reduce nitrates back to
nitrogen or to ammonia or to some other oxides. This process is
called denitrification. Free nitrogen returns to atmospheric pool
and oxides are taken up by plants.
 
 
 

 
The carbon is an important constituent of organic compounds
found in all living things beings in the form of carbohydrates, fats,
proteins, and nuclei acids. Like the water cycle is linked to energy
flow because producers –
Including photosynthetic plants of forests and oceans and chemo
synthetic bacteria of deep-sea vents- require environmental
energy (either sunlight or inorganic hydrogen compounds) to trap
carbon into sugars (proteins and fats).
The trapped carbon comes from carbon dioxide in surrounding
air or water.
As the cycle proceeds, consumers devour the organic carbon
compounds that producers manufacture. Then, via respiration, both
consumers and producers return carbon to the nonliving
environment in the form of carbon dioxide. Some carbon
accumulates for many years in wood and is eventually returned to
the atmosphere in fires or through consumption and respiration by
fungi, bacteria and other detritibvores. Volcanic eruption also
releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Thus, there is complete
cycling of carbon in the environment by various living and
nonliving beings.
  
 
Oxygen is one of the constituents of water and form about
21% of the air in the atmosphere. It is required for
 
respiration for all living organisms.
 
Oxygen cycle runs through the following process-
By burning the materials to produce oxygen combining with
nitrogen to produce oxides of nitrogen, proteins, etc.
These compounds after breaking down releases oxygen in
the atmosphere and maintain forever in the environment.
These way oxygen cycle works
 

 
Increase in temperature of earth due to increase in concentration of
some gases like co2, methane, water vapour, dust particles which
causes melting of the glaciers or ice on the mountains which
increase water level of water bodies, this increase in water level
causes, submerging
 
 
 
  

  The oxygen in the atmosphere is the source of ozone co3. The

  ozone layer protects organisms
By preventing most of the ultraviolet and X-ray from reaching the
earth’s surface, otherwise it causes different disease like skin
cancer, cataract and other skin problems.
.
Today, a global problem revolving our head that is the hole in the
ozone layer. This hole is in over the Antarctica and this has
passed the threat of damages to inhabitants of earth from short-
wave ultraviolet rays.
 
  
 

Uneven heating of air over land and water bodies causes winds.

Life on the depends on resources like soil, water, and air, and
energy from the sun.
Evaporation of water from water bodies and subsequent
condensation give us rain.
Pollution of air, water, and soil affect the quality of life and harm
the biodiversity.
Rainfall patterns depend on the prevailing wind patterns in an
area.
Various nutrients are used again and again in a cyclic fashion.
This leads to a certain balance between the various components of
the biosphere.
We need to conserve our natural resources and use them in a
sustainable manner.
 

•Life on earth depend on resources like soil, water and air and energy
from the sun.
•Uneven heating of air over land and water bodies causes winds.
•Evaporation of water from water bodies and subsequent condensation
give us rain.
•Rain fall pattern depend on the prevailing wind pattern in an area.
•Various nutrients are used again and again in a cyclic fashion. This
leads to a certain balance between the various components of the
biosphere.
•Pollution of air, water and soil affect the quality of life and harm the
biodiversity.
•We need to conserve our natural resources and use them in a
sustainable manner.
•THERE ARE THIRTEEN NUTRIENTS ESSENTIAL FOR CROPS
OF THESE SIX ARE REQUIRED IN LARGE QUANTITES AND
ARE KNOWN AS MACRO NUTRIENTS WHEREIS SEVEN
NUTRIENTS ARE REQUIRED IN SMALL QUANTITIES AND
ARE KNOWN AS MICRO NUTRIENTS

• MANURE AND FERTILIZERS ARE THE MAIN SOURCES OF

NUTRIENT SUPPLY TO CROPS .

• MIXED FARMING IS A SYSTEM OF FARMING ON A

PARTICULAR FARM WHICH INCLUDES CROP PRODUCTION ,
RAISING OF LIVES STOCK ETC…

• MIXED CROPPING IS GROWING OF TWO OR MORE CROPS

SIMULTANEOUSLY ON THE SAME PIECE OF LAND

• THE GROWING OF DIFFERENT CROPS ON A PIECE OF

LAND IN PRE-PLANNED SUCCESSION IS CALLED CROP
The condition including all the substances, forces and
organisms under which an organisms lives is called its
Environment.

All living organisms including plants, animals and

micro organisms form Biotic component.
All living organisms including plants,
animals and micro organisms form Biotic
component.

It consists of geographical conditions such as the

temperature , rain fall , soil , seasons and the
climate.