US in WWII

THE UNITED STATES
IN WORLD WAR II
AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE
US in WWII (Outline)
I. War in Europe
A. Battle of the Atlantic
B. Invasion Italy
C. Operation Overlord (D-Day)
D. Retaking France
E. The Battle of the Bulge
F. Battle of Berlin
G. VE Day
War in Japan
I: War in Europe
• Days after Pearl Harbor,
British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
arrived at the White
House and spent three
weeks working out war
plans with FDR
• They decided to focus
on defeating Hitler first
and then turn their
http://therealrevo.com/
attention to Japan
• Europe First
THE EASTERN FRONT &
MEDITERRANEAN
• In the summer of 1942,
the Germans took the
offensive in the
southern Soviet Union
• By the winter of 1943,
the Allies began to see
victories on land as well
as sea
• The first great turning
point was the Battle of
Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad was a huge Allied victory

BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
• For weeks the Germans pressed in on

Stalingrad
• Then winter set in and the Germans were
wearing summer uniforms and under-
supplied
• The Germans surrendered in January of
1943
• The Soviets lost more men in this battle
than the US lost in the whole war
Wounded in the
Battle of Stalingrad
THE NORTH
AFRICAN FRONT
“Operation Torch” – an invasion

of Axis -controlled North Africa
--was launched by American
General Dwight D. Eisenhower in
1942
•Allied troops landed in Casablanca,
Oran and the Algiers in Algeria
•They sped eastward chasing the
Afrika Korps led by German General American tanks roll in the
Edwin Rommel deserts of Africa and defeat
Axis forces
Allied
troops
landed
in Casa-
blanca,
Oran
and the
Algiers
The U.S. in WWII
I. THE WAR IN EUROPE

A. THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
THE BATTLE OF THE
ATLANTIC • After America’s entry
into the war, Hitler was
determined to prevent
foods and war supplies
from reaching Britain
and the USSR from
America’s east coast
The power of the German U
• He ordered submarine
Boats was great, and in two raids on U.S. ships on
months' time almost two million the Atlantic
tons of Allied ships were resting • During the first four
on the ocean floor. Efforts were
soon made to restrict German
months of 1942
subs' activities. Germany sank 87 U.S.
ships
http://www.rac.ca/
The Battle of the Atlantic was "the only thing that ever
frightened me."
ALLIES CONTROL U-BOATS
• In the first seven months of
1942, German U-boats sank 681
Allied ships in the Atlantic
• Something had to be done or
the war at sea would be lost
• First, Allies used convoys of
ships & airplanes to transport
supplies
• Destroyers used sonar to track
U-boats
• Airplanes were used to track the U-426 sinks after attack from the
U-boats ocean surfaces air, January 1944. Almost two-
thirds of all U-boat sailors died
• With this improved tracking, during the Battle of the Atlantic.
Allies inflicted huge losses on
German U-boats
ALLIES CAPTURE THE ENIGMA
• In 1941, the British captured several
German ships.
• Some had working code deciphering
machines on board.
• The German “Enigma” was the code
breaking machine used to break coded
messages from German commanders.
• After the capture, the Allies could
decipher all German messages in real
time.
• This helped to end the Battle in the

Atlantic.
CASABLANCA
CONFERENCE
• FDR and Churchill
met in Casablanca
and decided their
next moves
• 1) Plan amphibious
invasions of France
and Italy
• 2) Only
unconditional
surrender would be
accepted
MONUMENTSMEN.COM
The U.S. in WWII

B. INVASION ITALY
ITALIAN CAMPAIGN –
ANOTHER ALLIED VICTORY
• The Italian Campaign got off to a
good start as the Allies easily
took Sicily
• At that point King Emmanuel III
stripped Mussolini of his power
and had him arrested
• However, Hitler’s forces
continued to resist the Allies in
Italy until 1945
• Heated battles ensued and it
wasn’t until 1945 that Italy was
secured by the Allies
stephenambrosetours.com
TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
en.wikipedia.org
• Among the brave men

who fought in Italy were
pilots of the all-black 99th
squadron – the Tuskegee
Airmen
• The pilots made
numerous effective
strikes against Germany
and won two
http://www.bjmjr.net/
distinguished Unit
Citations
On May 31, 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American
pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute, arrived in North Africa
THE U.S. in WWII

C. D-DAY, INVADING FRANCE
OPERATION OVERLORD
Allies sent
fake coded
messages
indicating
they would
attack here
• As the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a dramatic
invasion of France
• It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander was American
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British troops
and was set for June 6, 1944
Normandy, France
• Normandy is one of the five regions of France
• Normandy
• Brittany
• Loire Valley
• Western Loire
• Cognac County
• Normandy was an important strategic point because it led

to Paris and had the least distance between it and Great
Britain.
• It includes a 360 mile coastline
D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944
• D-Day was the largest
land-sea-air operation
in military history
• Despite air support,
German retaliation
was brutal – especially
at Omaha Beach
• Within a month, the
Allies had landed 1
million troops,
567,000 tons of
supplies and 170,000
vehicles
5 Beaches That Were
Invaded
OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44
Landing at Normandy
Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France
The U.S. in WWII

D. RETAKING FRANCE
Retaking France:
Operation Dragoon
• August 15, 1944 – Invasion of southern France
• Objective: First, draw German forces from northern France and
allow the forces from Overlord to push east. Second, seize
Marseille, France’s largest port
• Troops that fought in Italy were used in this operation
• 94,000 Allied troops landed on day one
• Within two weeks, Allies captured 57,000 German troops at a
cost of 7,000 Allied casualties
• Ports of Toulon and Marseille were open to Allied shipments
• The forces then linked up with Normandy troops within 30 days
• Considered an outstanding success when measured against its
military objectives
Allied landing in Southern France – “Operation Dragoon”
http://www.olive-drab.com/images
Encirclement at Falaise
• The battle of the Falaise Gap (also known as the Falaise Pocket
and Chambois Pocket) was the area between the four cities of
Trun, Argentan, Vimoutiers and Chambois near Falaise,
France, in which the remnants of the German Wehrmacht
(Army) were trapped and effectively destroyed as a fighting
force.
• The battle of the Falaise Gap marked the end of the Battle of
Normandy, which started on June 6, 1944, and ended on
August 22, 1944. Although perhaps 100,000 German troops
succeeded in escaping the allies due to the delay in closing the
gap, they left behind 150,000 prisoners and wounded, over
10,000 dead, and the road practically impassable due to
destroyed vehicles and bodies.
Battle for Normandy
Allied losses Axis losses
• On D-Day: appx. 10,000 • On D-Day: 4,000-9,000
casualties including dead
2,500 initially confirmed • Most figures have to be
dead estimated
• Recent research
uncovered that more like
4,500 were KIA on June 6
Total: 200,000 KIA appx.

• Total: 209,000 casualties
20,000 French civilians were also killed during this time

FRANCE FREED
• By September 1944, the
Allies had freed France,
Belgium and Luxembourg
• That good news – and the
American’s people’s
desire not to “change
horses in midstream” –
helped elect FDR to an
unprecedented 4th term
General George Patton (right)
was instrumental in Allies
freeing France
VS.
Questions from reading.
You must write in complete sentence form.
1.How did the Battle of the Bulge get its name?
2.How many total men were involved in the battle?
3.How long did the battle last?
4.Which country did most of the battle occur?
5.What was Hitler’s objective with this offensive?
6.Throughout the night before the battle, what did German soldiers do to
confuse American troops in the area?
7.What town did the German army surround American forces in?
8.How did some soldiers keep their weapons from freezing?
9.What were Allied soldiers ordered to do to SS officers following the
Malmedy Massacre?
10.When did American forces counterattack to close the Bulge?
11.In the American offensive, how many Germans became casualties?
12.What did the Battle of the Bulge mean for the Third Reich?
Answers
1. The westward bulging shape of the battle ground and lines.
2. More than a million men were involved in the battle.
3. A little over a month
4. Belgium (some in Luxembourg)
5. Break the Allied line and cut off the supply line
6. Acted like Allied soldiers, spread misinformation to confuse
7. Bastogne
8. Urinating on them
9. Shoot on site
10. December 23
11. 23,ooo
12. An end to all offensive operations
The U.S. in WWII

E. BATTLE OF THE BULGE
BATTLE OF THE
BULGE
• In October 1944,
Americans captured their
first German town
(Aachen)– the Allies were
closing in
• Hitler responded with one
last ditch massive
offensive in the Ardennes
• Hitler’s plan was to break
the Allied line and control
the Allied supply lines
M-4 Sherman Tanks of the 10th Tank Battalion lined up in
the snow-covered fields of Belgium.
http://www.pbs.org/perilousfight/_popups/battlefield/bulge/01.html
A mortar position near Saint-Vith.
http://www.pbs.org/perilousfight/_popups/battlefield/bulge/02.html
Hitler’s last offensive
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/the-battle-of-the-bulge-timeline-36.jpg
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• The Battle is originally known as
the Ardennes Offensive.
• It takes place in Belgium and
some of Luxembourg
• The Germans encircle American
troops in Bastogne until
Patton’s tank divisions break
them out.
• Germans were unable to break
the line of the Allies.
• The Germans come to find out
that since objectives are not
met, they will be unable to fight
an offensive war in the West
against the Americans and
British.
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• The battle raged for a month –

the Germans had been pushed
back
• Little seemed to have changed,
but in fact the Germans had
sustained heavy losses
• Germany lost 120,000 troops,
600 tanks and 1,600 planes
• From that point on the Nazis
could do little but retreat
http://t1.gstatic.com/images
The Battle of the Bulge was

Germany’s last gasp
Battle of Berlin Questions
1. The German military manpower consisted of what kind of people?
2. What was the ratio of Soviet to German men outside of Berlin?
3. What made the Berliners feel like that had to fight to the bitter
end?
4. What did General Wenck and some other German divisions do
when the Soviets invaded Germany?
5. Who were the Hitler youth corps?
6. What did Hitler do in his final hours?
7. What was done with Hitler’s body?
8. How was the Reichstag taken by the Soviets?
9. How many troops died in the Battle of Berlin?
10. What tragic result to German women face following the Soviet
victory?
Reading answers
1. The German military was relying on young boys and old men, this force was
called the Volkstrum.
2. The ratio of Soviets to Germans outside Berlin was 5:1, 3:1 in Berlin.
3. Germans fought to the bitter end because of the destruction the Soviets had
brought in the East.
4. Many German divisions headed west to surrender to the Americans.
5. The Hitler Youth fought in Berlin and were made up of 11-12 year olds.
6. Hitler married his mistress, gave her poison, and shot himself in his final
hours.
7. Hitler’s body was burned so that it would not be mutilated by Soviets.
8. The Verstag was heavily bombarded by artillery and later was won by Soviets
after two days of hand to hand combat.
9. 80,000 – 100,000 Soviets died in Berlin. 150,000 German troops were killed
in Berlin.
10. 100,000 women endured rapes from Soviets, 10,000 of which died as a
result.
Battle of Berlin
April – May 1945
• The goal of the Allied advances

in Europe was to capture
Berlin.
• Stalin ordered two of his top
generals to race to the German
capital – Zhukov and Konev
• The Red Army had a significant
manpower and supply
advantage over the Germans.
Additionally they had forward
momentum. greatmilitarybattles.com
• Despite the hopelessness of
the situation, Hitler mounted a
direct defense of the city.
Battle of Berlin
April – May 1945
Two million shells rained down on Berlin in three weeks

Much of the fighting occurred between Russian tanks and
German anti-tank artillery
Berlin was left in rubble
Battle of Berlin
• Russians lost 80,000
men and 275,000
wounded in this battle
• Germans lost 150,000
men in this battle
• It is rumored that Stalin
was insistent on
capturing Berlin because
he could capture the
secret nuclear plans at greatmilitarybattles.com
the Kaiser Wilhelm
Institute
FDR DIES;Roosevelt
• President TRUMAN did not livePRESIDENT
to see V-E Day
• On April 12, 1945, FDR suffered a stroke and died– his VP Harry S Truman became the nation’s 33rd president
ALLIES TAKE BERLIN; HITLER
COMMITS SUICIDE
• By April 25, 1945, the Soviet army

had stormed Berlin
• In his underground headquarters
in Berlin, Hitler prepared for the
end
• On April 29, he married his
longtime girlfriend Eva Braun then
wrote a last note in which he
blamed the Jews for starting the
war and his generals for losing it
• The next day he gave poison to his
wife and shot himself
solarnavigator.net
V-E DAY
• General Eisenhower
accepted the
unconditional surrender
of the Third Reich
• On May 8, 1945, the
Allies celebrated V-E
Day – victory in Europe
Day
• The war in Europe was
finally over
mirkwoodcottage.typepad.com
Famous
picture of
an
American
soldier
celebrating
the end of
the war
LIBERATION OF
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
• While the British and
Americans moved
westward into Germany,
the Soviets moved
eastward into German-
controlled Poland
• The Soviets discovered
many death camps that
the Germans had set up
within Poland
• The Americans also
liberated Nazi death
camps within Germany
Focus topics – German High
Command
•Goering
•Goebbels
•Hess
•Himler
The U.S. in WWII
The War in the Pacific
I. Introduction
II. The Home Front
III. Island Hopping
IV. Atomic End
V. War’s Resolution
VI. Japan’s Recovery
Pearl Harbor
• On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan suddenly and
deliberately attacked the U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor
Hawaii.
• This was the event which triggered the American involvement
in the war both in Europe and the Pacific.
MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE
• After Japan attacked Pearl
Harbor, they thought
America would avoid further
conflict with them
• The Japan Times newspaper
said America was “trembling
in their shoes”
• But if America was trembling,
it was with rage, not fear
• “Remember Pearl Harbor”
was the rallying cry as
America entered WWII
AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST
• After Pearl Harbor five

million Americans
enlisted to fight in the
war
• The Selective Service
expanded the draft
and eventually
provided an
additional 10 million
soldiers
WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT
• Army Chief of Staff
General George
Marshall pushed for the
formation of the
Women’s Auxiliary
Army Corps (WAAC)
• WAAC allowed women
to work in non-combat
roles such as nurses,
ambulance drivers,
radio operators, and
pilots
ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT
Despite discrimination at home,
minority populations
contributed to the war effort
• 1,000,000 African Americans
served in the military
• 300,000 Mexican-Americans
• 33,000 Japanese Americans
• 25,000 Native Americans
• 13,000 Chinese Americans
These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers

scored the highest marks ever on the
Officers exam in 1944
A PRODUCTION MIRACLE
• Americans converted
their auto industry into a
war industry
• The nation’s automobile
plants began to produce
tanks, planes, boats, and
command cars
• Many private industries
converted to war-related
supplies
LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION
• By 1944, nearly 18
million workers were
laboring in war
industries (3x the # in
1941)
• More than 6 million
of these were women
and nearly 2 million
were minority
MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS
• In 1941, FDR created the
Office of Scientific
Research and
Development (OSRD) to
bring scientists into the
war effort
• Focus was on radar and
sonar to locate
submarines
• Also the scientists
worked on penicillin and
pesticides like DDT
MANHATTAN PROJECT
• The most important
achievement of the OSRD
was the secret
development of the
atomic bomb
• Einstein wrote to FDR
warning him that the
Germans were
attempting to develop
such a weapon
• The OSRD codename
used to describe
American efforts to build
the bomb was the
“Manhattan Project”
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAKES
CONTROL OF INFLATION
• With prices of goods
threatening to rise out of
control, FDR responded
by creating the Office of
Price Administration
(OPA)
• The Office of Price
Administration froze
prices on most goods and
encouraged the purchase
of war bonds to fight
inflation
WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
• To ensure the troops had

ample resources, FDR
created the WPB
• The War Production Board
(WPB) decided which
companies would convert
to wartime production
and how to best allocate
raw materials to those
industries
COLLECTION DRIVES
• The WPB also organized
nationwide drives to
collect scrap iron, tin
cans, paper, rags and
cooking fat for recycling
• Additionally, the OPA set
up a system of rationing
• Households had set
allocations of scarce
goods – gas, meat, shoes,
sugar, coffee
WWII Poster
encouraging
conservation
RATIONING
THE HOME FRONT
• The war provided a lift to

the U.S. economy
• Jobs were abundant and
despite rationing and
shortages, people had
money to spend
• By the end of the war,
America was the world’s
dominant economic and
military power
ECONOMIC GAINS
• Unemployment fell to
only 1.2% by 1944
and wages rose 35%
• Farmers too benefited
as production
doubled and income
tripled
WOMEN MAKE GAINS
• Women enjoyed
economic gains during
the war, although many
lost their jobs after the
war
• Over 6 million women
entered the work force
for the first time
• Over 1/3 were in the
defense industry
POPULATION SHIFTS
• The Dust Bowl forced
farmers from Oklahoma and
Texas to find new homes
• The war triggered the
greatest mass migration in
American history
• More than a million
newcomers poured into
California between 1941-
1944
• African Americans again
shifted from south to north
GI BILL HELPS RETURNING
VETS
• To help returning
servicemen ease back
into civilian life, Congress
passed the Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act (GI Bill
of Rights)
• The act provided
education for 7.8 million
vets
PEARL HARBOR
East Asian Ascendance
• The road to war between Japan and the United States began in the
1930s when differences over China drove the two nations apart.
• In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria, which until then had been
part of China.
• In 1937 Japan began a long and ultimately unsuccessful campaign
to conquer the rest of China.
• In 1940, the Japanese government allied their country with Nazi
Germany in the Axis Alliance, and, in the following year, occupied
all of Indochina.
• The United States, which had important political and economic
interests in East Asia, was alarmed by these Japanese moves. The
U.S. increased military and financial aid to China, embarked on a
program of strengthening its military power in the Pacific, and cut
off the shipment of oil and other raw materials to Japan
Reasons for Hostility
1. Japan was poor in natural
resources, the embargo
on oil as a threat to the
nation's survival.
2. Japan's leaders seized
resources in Southeast
Asia, even though that
move would certainly
result in war with the
United States.
3. US Navy is the
protectorate of the islands
claimed by the United
commons.wikimedia.org
States (Philippines, Wake)
Reason for attack
• Japan knew it could not defeat the
Americans in a conventional war,
lacking as it did sufficient manpower
and raw materials (notably oil) for
such a sustained effort.
• By destroying the U.S. fleet and
complete Asian conquests before the
Americans could recover.
• A successful raid, the Japanese
believed, would delay America's entry
into the war by months, if not years.
• Faced with the reality of an
unassailable Pacific empire, the
Americans might then choose
negotiation over fighting.
sarudama.com
The Planner
• Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto,
commander of the Japanese
fleet, devised a plan to
immobilize the U.S. fleet at the
outset of the war with a
surprise attack.
• Admiral Yamamoto's plans:
• meticulous preparation
• the achievement of surprise,
• the use of aircraft carriers and naval
aviation on an unprecedented scale.
• In the spring of 1941, Japanese
carrier pilots began training in
the special tactics called for by
the Pearl Harbor attack plan.
navy.mil
Plan of Attack
• In October 1941 the naval
general staff gave final
approval to Yamamoto's plan,
which called for the
formation of an attack force
commanded by Vice Admiral
Chuichi Nagumo.
• It centered around six heavy
aircraft carriers accompanied
by 24 supporting vessels. A
separate group of submarines
was to sink any American
warships which escaped the
science.howstuffworks.com Japanese carrier force.
PLAN OF ATTACK
Japanese sail to Hawaii
Japs sail to Hawaii Aircraft carriers at sea
• Nagumo's fleet assembled in the • On 28 November, Admiral Kimmel sent
remote anchorage of Tankan USS Enterprise under Rear Admiral
Bay in the Kurile Islands and Willliam Halsey to deliver Marine
departed in strictest secrecy for Corps fighter planes to Wake Island.
On 4 December Enterprise delivered
Hawaii on 26 November 1941.
the aircraft and on December 7 the
• The ships' route crossed the task force was on its way back to Pearl
North Pacific and avoided Harbor. On 5 December, Admiral
normal shipping lanes. At dawn Kimmel sent the USS Lexington with a
7 December 1941, the Japanese task force under Rear Admiral Newton
task force had approached to deliver 25 scout bombers to
undetected to a point slightly Midway Island. The last Pacific carrier,
more than 200 miles north of USS Saratoga, had left Pearl Harbor for
Oahu. upkeep and repairs on the West Coast
First Wave
• At 6:00 a.m. on December 7th, the
six Japanese carriers launched a first
wave of 183 planes composed of
torpedo bombers, dive bombers,
horizontal bombers and fighters.
• The Japanese aircrews achieved
complete surprise when they hit
American ships and military
installations on Oahu shortly before
8:00 a.m.
• They attacked military airfields at
the same time they hit the fleet
anchored in Pearl Harbor.
• In fact two Army operators spotted Japanese Navy Type 99 Carrier Bombers
the incoming formations but wrote ("Val") prepare to take off from an aircraft
them off as B17 friendlies carrier during the morning of 7 December.
Official U.S. Navy Photograph, National
Archives Collection
Targets of ATTACK
Battleships Outcome
1. USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) was in drydock - slightly damaged,

repaired and rejoined fleet August
1942
2. USS West Virginia (BB-48) sunk, later raised, repaired and
rejoined fleet July 1944
3. USS Oklahoma (BB-37) capsized, total loss
4. USS Arizona(BB-39) sunk, total loss, lies at bottom of Pearl

Harbor. Explosion killed 1,178 men.
5. USS California (BB-44) sunk, later raised, repaired and
rejoined fleet May 1944
6. USS Maryland (BB-46) damaged, repaired and rejoined fleet
February 1942
7. USS Tennessee (BB-43) damaged, repaired and rejoined fleet
March 1942.
8. USS Nevada (BB-36) heavily damaged, grounded, repaired
and rejoined fleet December 1942
Sinking USS Arizona
Warphotos.nasenetworks.net
Second Wave
• A second wave, launched
30 minutes after the first,
appeared over the
harbor, 15 minutes later.
• The second wave of 173
planes concentrated on
smaller ships and
shipyard facilities
Warphotos.nasenetworks.net
• The air raid lasts from
7:00 – 9:45AM
Losses
AMERICAN JAPANESE
• Twenty-one ships of the U.S. • Japanese losses were
Pacific Fleet were sunk or
damaged comparatively light.
• Aircraft losses were 188 • Twenty-nine planes, less
destroyed and 159 damaged, the than 10 percent of the
majority hit before the had a
chance to take off. attacking force, failed to
• American dead numbered 2,403. return to their carriers.
That figure included 68 civilians,
most of them killed by improperly
fused anti-aircraft shells landing
in Honolulu. There were 1,178
military and civilian wounded.
December 7, 1941
Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; also attack the Philippines,
Wake Island, Guam, Malaya, Thailand, Shanghai and Midway.
emersonkent.com
Incomplete Victory
• The Japanese success was overwhelming, but it was not
complete.
• They failed to damage any American aircraft carriers, which by
a stroke of luck, had been absent from the harbor.
• They neglected to damage the shore-side facilities at the Pearl
Harbor Naval Base, which played an important role in the
Allied victory in World War II.
• American technological skill raised and repaired all but three
of the ships sunk or damaged at Pearl Harbor
Catalyst for War
• At 7:55 on the sunny morning • It was this single catastrophic
of Sunday, December 7, 1941, event, not the invasion of
183 Japanese warplanes Poland, the Battle of Britain
swooped out of a cloudless or the persecution of the
sky and demolished the US Jews, that finally dragged the
Pacific fleet docked at Pearl United States into World War
Harbor. II.
wired.com
the shock and anger caused by the surprise attack on Pearl
Harbor united a divided nation and was translated into a
wholehearted commitment to victory in World War II
THE ATTACK ON THE PHILIPPINES

Strategic overview
• The Japanese attack on the
Philippines occurred nine
hours after their attack on
Pearl Harbor on 7
December 1941.
• Hawaii and the Philippines
were the two strongholds
of the American military.
They were to be taken or
destroyed
• Smaller bases could not be
sustained without the
support from these bases
ibhistorytopics.com
MacArthur commanded Filipino
and American forces on the
islands
A Divine Mission
• During WWII the Japanese
had an intense idealism and a
lust for power that convinced
the Japanese military that
Japan had a "Divine Mission"
to lead all of Asia.
• This "Divine Mission" led to
the Japanese imperialistic
campaigns. The realization of
these campaigns led to the english-online.at
Japanese imperialism of the
Philippines.
Japanese Seek Expansion
• United States acquired the Philippines following the 1898
Spanish-American War.
• Japan viewed this development with hostility.
• The United States had a powerful navy, and leaders in Japan
realized that American occupation of the Philippines could
obstruct Japan's plans for growth in Southeast Asia.
• To meet this potential challenge, Japan began to prepare for
the possibility of armed conflict between the two countries.
• For their part, American military planners knew the risk of
losing the Philippines to Japan and began planning for possible
armed conflict with Japan.
• In the summer of 1941 increasing tension between Japan and
the United States caused the War Department to set up a new
command for the specific purpose of organizing the defense
of the Philippines.
• This command, activated on July 26, 1941, was named the
United States Armed Forces, Far East (USAFFE, or AFFE);
• General Douglas MacArthur, retired, was placed on active
duty and designated commanding general in the Philippines.
• General MacArthur's ground forces consisted of
• the Philippine Army - 100,000 men
• U.S. Regular Army contingent of more than 25,000 men.
• The Japanese struck before the Philippine Army could be
completely trained or properly equipped.
USAFFE
Plan Orange
• This strategic plan for the defense of
the Philippines against Japan was
given the code reference "Plan
Orange".
• the American military planners
realistically assumed that their
Philippines garrison would probably be
overwhelmed and forced to surrender
before an American fleet could fight
its way from Hawaii to Manila Bay.
• the defending forces would withdraw
to the heavily fortified Bataan
peninsula and the Island of Corregidor
and await relief by the US Pacific Fleet
sailing from Hawaii.
http://www.pacificwar.org.au
The Attack Begins
• The War Department had determined that an attack would
follow soon after the Pearl Harbor attack.
• MacArthur had put his planes in the sky and artillery on the
coast.
• The attack came when the American and Filipino planes were
grounded for fuel.
• Just like in Hawaii, most of the aircraft were destroyed while
they were on the ground.
• But the speed of the Japanese advance prevented that mode of
defense.
• Imperial Army General Masaharu Homma landed on northern
Luzon on December 9 and moved quickly through little resistance.
• Essentially Homma landed behind the Allies, leaving their supplies
between the Japanese and MacArthur's men.
• By December 20, Homma was landing on Mindanao and driving
for Manila. The Philippine Government declared Manila an open
city, but the Japanese bombed it anyway. MacArthur retreated to
Corrigedor and Bataan without telling his Navy counterpart in
Manila Bay. His men called him “Dugout Doug.”
• The forces under MacArthur became completely overwhelmed by
the Japanese invasion force.
Retreat!
• Unable to stop the enemy at the shoreline of Luzon,
MacArthur withdrew sea forces into the Bataan Peninsula, the
island of Corregidor, and three other small islands in Manila
Bay.
• This complex retrograde movement was accomplished by
January 7, 1942.
• Meanwhile, on January 2, the Japanese had occupied Manila,
which had been declared an open city on December 24.
• The American and Filipino troops had lost most of their
supplies during their withdrawal; and a Japanese blockade
precluded the possibility of resupply or the landing of
reinforcements.
Bataan Death March
• The 60 mile "march", or forcible
transfer of 75,000 American and Filipino
prisoners of war. Minimum death toll
between 6,000 and 11,000 men
• physical abuse and murder, and
resulted in very high fatalities inflicted
upon prisoners
• Beheading, throat-cutting, and shooting
were common causes of death, in
addition to death by bayonet, rape,
disembowelment, rifle-butt beating,
and deliberate starvation or
dehydration on the week-long continual
march in the tropical heat.
• Falling down or inability to continue
moving was tantamount to a death
sentence, as was any degree of protest.
“I Shall Return”
• On March 12, 1942, General MacArthur was ordered by the
President to leave for Australia.
• On April 9, 1942, by which time the troops of Bataan had been
reduced by hunger, disease, and casualties to the point of military
helplessness, their commander, Maj. Gen. Edward P. King, Jr.,
surrendered his forces to the Japanese. General Wainwright
surrendered the remainder of the American forces on Corregidor
and elsewhere in the Philippines on May 6, 1942.
• “The President of the United States ordered me to break through
the Japanese lines and proceed from Corregidor to Australia for
the purpose, as I understand it, of organizing the American
offensive against Japan, a primary objective of which is the relief
of the Philippines. I came through and I shall return.”
Focus questions Bataan DM
1. When did the land invasion of the Japanese come?
2. When did the American surrender the Philippines to the
Japanese?
3. How long did the march last?
4. How did the Japanese feel about a soldier that surrendered?
5. How was Homma dealt with after the war?
6. How did Captain Dyess get out of captivity?
7. What did Japs do with the American water supply?
MacArthur’s Return to Leyte
Actual Return Monument
JAPANESE INTERNMENT
Japanese-American
Interment
• FDR signed Executive Order 9066 • The 10 camps (relocation centers)
on February 19, 1942, which were located at:
resulted in the forcible • Amache, CO
internment of people of • Gila River, AR
Japanese ancestry.
• Under military supervision, the
• Heart Mountain, WY
U.S. Government evacuated • Jerome, AR
more than 110,000 people of • Manzanar, CA
Japanese descent and placed
them into 10 wartime enclaves.
• Minidoka, ID
More than two thirds of those • Poston, AZ
interned under the executive • Rohwer, AR
order were U.S. citizens, and
none had ever demonstrated any • Topaz, UT
disloyalty. • Tula Lake, CA
Americans were wary of Japanese-American citizens
democraticunderground.com
Jerome camp in Arkansas
U.S. PAYS REPARATIONS TO
JAPANESE
• In the late 1980s, President
Reagan signed into law a bill
that provided $20,000 to every
Japanese American sent to a
relocation camp
• The checks were sent out in
1990 along with a note from
President Bush saying, “We
can never fully right the
wrongs of the past . . . we now
recognize that serious wrongs
were done to Japanese
Americans during WWII.”
Today the U.S. is home to
more than 1,000,000 Japanese-
Americans
ISLAND HOPPING
American Commanders
Admiral Chester Nimitz General Douglas MacArthur
U.S. Navy U.S. Army
The Doolittle Raid
• April 1942 B-25 air attack on Tokyo,
launched from the aircraft carrier Hornet
and led by Lt. Col. James Doolittle, was
the most daring operation yet by the
United States in the young Pacific War.
• Though conceived as a diversion that
would also boost American morale, the
raid generated strategic benefits that far
outweighed its limited goals.
• Most of the sixteen B-25s, each with a
five-man crew, attacked the Tokyo area.
Damage was modest, and none of the
planes reached the Chinese airfields
although still surviving.
• Japanese were stunned and
embarrassed
http://www.history.navy.mil
BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA
• The main Allied forces in the Pacific were

Americans and Australians
• In May 1942 they succeeded in stopping the
Japanese drive toward Australia in the five-day
Battle of the Coral Sea
• "The Battle That Saved Australia."
Battle of the Coral Sea
• The Battle of the Coral Sea was fought between the Japanese and
Allied navies from May 4 through May 8, 1942 in the Coral Sea, about
500 miles northeast of Australia
• In the spring of 1942, Japanese forces planned to invade southern New
Guinea, a move designed to knock Australia and New Zealand out of
the war. The Allies, including the U.S., Australia, and Great Britain,
gathered a large fleet to thwart the invasion.
• It was the first pure carrier-vs-carrier battle in history as neither
surface fleet sighted the other.
• Though a draw, it was an important turning point in the war in the
Pacific because, for the first time, the Allies had stopped the Japanese
advance.
• Before the battle, the Japanese had enjoyed a continual string of
victories while afterwards, it suffered an almost continual series of
defeats, including at Midway, a major American victory.
USS Lexington sunk
Casualties of Coral Sea
• Three U.S. ships were sunk during the Battle of the Coral Sea,
including:
• U.S.S. Lexington (Aircraft Carrier)
• U.S.S. Neosho (Oiler)
• U.S.S. Sims (Destroyer)
• One ship was seriously damaged:
• U.S.S. Yorktown (Aircraft Carrier)
• 543 confirmed KIA

THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY
• Japan’s next thrust was
toward Midway Island – a
strategic Island northwest
of Hawaii
• Nimitz, moved to defend
the Island
• Japanese had planned to
capture Midway to use as
an advance base, as well as
to entrap and destroy the
U.S. Pacific Fleet. nauticos.com
Intelligence
• By March 1942, the Americans had cracked the Japanese code
and knew the locations of major fleet units
• While the Japanese plan expected to attack Midway island
and then wait for the American aircraft carriers to get there
• the American commanders knew the Japanese plan in
advance, and decided to already be near Midway when they
arrive, and attack them earlier than they expected.
Japanese Strength at Midway
• Forward patrol - 16 submarines which advanced ahead of the main force. Their
task was to detect the American carriers as soon as possible, and possibly
attack them.
• Aircraft carriers - 4 large aircraft carriers commanded by Admiral Nagumo,
carrying 250 aircraft and Japan's most experienced naval aviators. Their task
was to attack Midway and then to attack the American carriers, once they
arrive.
• Invasion force - 12 cargo ships carrying 5000 Japanese Marines, escorted by 2
battleships, 6 heavy cruisers, and many destroyers. Their task was to bring the
Japanese Marines to Midway and then provide them with very heavy artillery
support.
• Battleships - a mighty force of 7 battleships and a light aircraft carrier. Their task
was to intercept the American carriers once they were located, and with their
mighty guns sink anything not sunk by the Japanese aircraft.
• Diversion force - 2 light aircraft carriers, 2 heavy cruisers, and 4 large cargo
ships carrying Marines. Their task was to attack and invade the Aleutian islands
near Alaska in parallel with the attack at Midway.
American Strength at Midway
• Aircraft carriers - 3 aircraft carriers. Enterprise, Hornet, and
the quickly repaired Yorktown, escorted by some heavy
cruisers and destroyers, which were no match to the Japanese
battleships in case of a naval gun battle.
• Midway Island - with 115 fighters and bombers based in it, it
was like a stationary but unsinkable aircraft carrier.
Results and lessons from
the battle of Midway
• The US lost one aircraft carrier and 147 aircraft. Japan lost its
four best aircraft carriers, with their entire crews, air crews,
and aircraft, and also one cruiser.
• Midway has some lessons:
• Intelligence - the American commander knew in advance where
and when to expect the Japanese attack and he prepared
accordingly.
• RADAR - the critical importance of its ability to provide early
warning was demonstrated again in Midway. The importance of
technology in general was demonstrated.
• The importance of air superiority, both in attack and in defense,
was also demonstrated.
Midway conclusion
• The US Navy had 3 large aircraft carriers in the Pacific, 13
more were being built, and there was no way Japan could
match the American rate of production of aircraft carriers,
aircraft, and well trained aviators.
• Japan was already fighting a war it could not win, and after
the battle of Midway it was already beginning to lose it, just 6
months after it started it in Pearl Harbor.
• Despite all its remaining strength, after the battle of Midway
Japan lost its superiority and initiative in the Pacific and was
forced to defense.
• Since that day, the Pacific Ocean was dominated by American
aircraft carriers.
•The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the war –
soon the Allies were island hopping toward Japan
ISLAND HOPPING (CONT.)

• The only campaign of World War II fought
on North American soil took place in the
Aleutian Island chain that stretches for a
thousand miles south and west from
Alaska.
• Although inhospitable due to ugly
weather, craggy mountains, scant
vegetation and remoteness, the islands
became a strategic target of Japanese
expansion and correspondingly important
to the defense of the Western
approaches to the United States.
• Although interest in the theater waned, it
was in the Aleutians that the United
States won its first theater-wide victory in
World War II, ending Japan's only
campaign in the Western Hemisphere.
http://www.olive-drab.com
Aleutian Campaign: 1942-1943

Moving supplies in the
Aleutians
http://www.history.army.mil
Foxnews.com
The Solomon Islands
Taking the Solomons
• For the Americans, the
urgent requirement
was to block the
Japanese and to seize
bases on the
periphery of the
Japanese dominated
areas as the first step
in pushing the
http://www.olive-drab.com Japanese back to their
home islands.
The Plan for the Solomons
• A three stage campaign was planned for Rabaul:
1. forces of the South Pacific Area would seize base sites
on Guadalcanal in the southern Solomons.
2. South Pacific forces would advance northwest from
Guadalcanal up the island ladder of the Solomons
to Bougainville while Southwest Pacific forces would move up
the north coast of New Guinea as far as Lae and Salamaua.
3. the forces of the two theaters would converge on Rabaul and
clear the rest of the Bismarck Archipelago.
http://www.olive-drab.com
Guadalcanal
• The Japanese began building an airfield on the island of
Guadalcanal. From here they could launch aerial assaults on
the U.S. Navy near Australia and the mainland.
• The Americans and Japanese spent 6 months fighting for
control of the airfield and the surrounding jungles.
• The battles were tough, the conditions were bad. Dysentery
spread throughout the U.S. Marines. The Japanese lost
control of the island
• The Navy had to abandon the Marines for weeks while
fighting the Japanese Navy north of the island.
• The Japanese were unable to keep up with the Marines. They
were better trained and used machine guns in addition to the
SI rifles.
Fall back
• The Japanese effectively
retreated to the island of
Bougainville in the
Solomons
• The Marines left the
Australians to fight here.
• Bougainville was never
won and outlasted the
Japanese government
• The Japanese lost
thousands of men during http://www.olive-drab.com
this time.
Tarawa - November 20-23,
1943
• U.S. Marines of the Second Division after a bloody 76-hour
battle. Tarawa's military significance lay in its strategic
position as the entrance of the U.S. push through the central
Pacific to the Philippine Islands.
• The islet was a tough Japanese fortification of pillboxes,
bunkers, and barbed wire protecting an airfield, occupied by
the main concentration of their forces, numbering 4,700
soldiers and construction workers.
• The Japanese stationed here were committed to fight to death
or commit suicide. This gave the Marines had tough fight.
• The Marines had 3,000 casualties from this battle
• The Japanese KIA numbered at least 4,500
Beach landing at Tarawa
marinecorpstimes.com
Following the landing
Tarawa, South Pacific, 1943
by Sergeant Tom Lovell
Marine Corps Combat Art Collection

Aftermath of Tarawa
• “Was Tarawa worth it? My answer is unqualified: No. From
the very beginning the decision of the Joint Chiefs to seize
Tarawa was a mistake and from their initial mistake grew the
terrible drama of errors, errors of omission rather than
commission, resulting in these needless casualties." Thought
Smith, "[We] should have let Tarawa 'wither on the vine.' We
could have kept it neutralized from our bases on Baker Island,
to the east, and the Ellice and Phoenix Islands, a short
distance to the southeast”
• Marine General Holland Smith
ISLAND HOPPING (CONT.)

Wake Island
• During the initial bombing
campaigns and invasions in
December 1941, the Japanese
took control of Wake Island.
• 1,600 Americans were
captured. 360 American
civilian contractors kept to
complete construction of
defenses for the Japanese.
• An estimated 200 concrete
and coral pillboxes, bunkers,
bomb proofs, and command
homeofheroes.com
posts were constructed with
U.S. assistance.
Massacre at Wake Island
(1943)
• By late 1942, only 98 American contractors remained on the
island. The next year provided to be a boring uneventful
experience.
• A U.S. carrier task force, which included the USS Yorktown
(CV-10), arrived offshore on 5 October 1943. During the
following two days the task force dropped 340 tons of bombs
on the atoll.
• Anticipating a land invasion, the Japanese murdered the
prisoners to eliminate the threat they might pose during the
coming invasion. 97 men were initially machine gunned in
execution form.
• 1 man managed to escape and hid for weeks, he was
recaptured and beheaded by the commander’s Katana sword.
Aftermath of the Massacre
maritimequest.com
• The Japanese surrendered the island late in 1945
• The Japanese officers who participated in the massacre stood trial for war
crimes.
• Sakaibara, the Japanese commander hanged for his part.
Mariana and Palau Islands
Saipan
• A civilian-inhabited island
• An armada of 535 ships carrying 127,570 U. S. military personnel of
which 2/3 were Marines of the 2nd and 4th Divisions converged on
Saipan
• Shells rained down on the island, its villages, inhabitants and defenders
gouging huge craters in the sand and coral, splitting buildings apart in
an instant raining flaming boards and debris into heaps of rubble.
• When the fighting ended, American losses on Saipan were double
those suffered on Guadalcanal.
• Of the 71,034 U. S. troops landed on Saipan, 3,100 were killed, 13,100
wounded or missing in action. Of the 31,629 Japanese on Saipan
approximately 29,500 Japanese died as a result of the fighting. Only
2,100 Japanese prisoners survived.
• The ratio of battle dead was 9:1 during the 24 days of fighting
Fight or die
• One of the most lamentable events of the battle for Saipan
involved the suicide of hundreds of families, many of whom
jumped to their deaths from the high cliffs at the island's most
northern point. This tragic event continued despite efforts by
Americans and Saipanese using loudspeakers to try to
convince many Japanese that surrender would be shameless
and harmless.
http://www.cnmi-guide.com
Guam
• Strength
• American - 36,000
• Japanese - 22,000
• A similar fight to Tarawa. Except on Guam the Navy was committed to
heavy bombardment.
• Casualties and losses
• American 1,747 killed, 6,053 wounded
• Japanese 18,040+ killed,485 POWs
• A few Japanese soldiers held out in the jungle. On December 8, 1945,
three U.S. Marines were ambushed and killed.
• After the battle, Guam was turned into a base for Allied operations. Five
large airfields were built and B-29 bombers flew from the island to attack
targets in the Western Pacific and on mainland Japan
• On January 24, 1972, Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi was discovered by hunters.
He had lived alone in a cave for 27 years.
Tinian
• Naval and aerial bombardments
supported Marine landings which
made American losses low
US Japanese
• Tinian, once a calm, obscure,
little-known island within 30,000 Marines 4,700 Soldiers
4,110 Marines
the Marianas chain, has the
8,810 total
somber distinction of being
forever linked to the destruction Casualties and losses
of Hiroshima and the death of 328 killed 8,010 killed
80,000 people in the flash of an 1,571 wounded 313 captured
instant.
• Both Atomic bomb missions took
off from Tinian airfield
B-29s at Tinian Airfield
http://www.cnmi-guide.com
http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com
Peleliu
Strength
US Japanese
• The American assault on
1st Marine Division: 17,490 14th Infantry Division: Peleliu, in the Palau Islands,
81st Infantry Division: Approximately 11,000 men
10,994 had the highest casualty rate of
any amphibious invasion in
terms of men and material in
the entire war in the Pacific.
Casualties and losses
1st Marine Division: 10,695 killed, • Peleliu was viewed as a
1,252 killed, 5,274 202 captured
wounded
potential threat to General
81st Infantry Division: Douglas MacArthur's invasion
542 killed, 2,736 wounded
Total: 1,794 killed, 8,010 of the Philippines; its airfield
wounded would enable Japanese planes
to strike at American landing
and support ships and menace
troops once on the ground in
the Philippines.
Peleliu Aftermath
• Peleliu offered little
strategic gain for the
Americans
• It gave experience which
would help Marines on
Okinawa and Iwo Jima
• MG Rupertus was
overconfident and expected
too much from his men, and
refused ready assistance
when offered ibiblio.org
Pillbox
visit-palau.com
BATTLE OF THE PHILIPPINES PT 2

Second Battle of the
Philippines
• Battle of Philippines Sea
• June 19th – 20th 1944
• Naval Battle
• Battle of Leyte Gulf

• October 23rd – 25th 1944
• Largest Naval Battle of WWII
• Battle of Leyte
• October 20th – Dec. 31, 1944
• Ground invasion of
Philippines under MacArthur
• Battle of Luzon
• January 9 – August 15, 1945
• Ground invasion of Luzon
The Philippines Campaign
• They therefore drew up a desperate
plan which risked their remaining
surface forces, but offered them a
remote chance of destroying the
American invasion fleet and isolating
the Allied ground forces on Leyte.
• Like many previous Japanese
operational plans it depended on the
use of a decoy force.
• As related above, the Japanese
carriers were now all but impotent
for lack of trained aircrew, and were
therefore the ships selected to play
the most important decoy role.
• Around 300,000 Japanese troops
were stationed around the
Philippines islands.
Battle of the Philippines Sea
• Largest aircraft battle in history.
• The Japanese air force was near obsolescence since most
experienced pilots were shot down at Midway and Guadalcanal.
• The Americans had new aircraft (F6F Hellcat) and better trained
airmen and radar than the Japanese air force. American pilots
completed 600 hours air training while new Japanese pilots only
had 50 hours
• Marianas Turkey Shoot - In the early hours of the engagement
on June 19 – 429 Japanese planes were shot down…Americans
lost 29.
• The Japanese Navy came to the defend the Philippines. Their
carriers brought 450 aircraft on carriers and 300 more land-
based were ready. The Americans had around 1,000 aircraft.
Day two in the Philippines
Sea
• A group of submarines sighted and torpedoed two of the
Japanese carriers – Shōkaku and Taihō .
• The two carriers took appx. 3,000 Japanese sailors to the seabed
• In these two days the Japanese lost 633 aircraft, the
Americans lost 123. The Japanese few aircraft left.
• One last aerial assault would be launched to go after the
escaping Japanese fleet.
• The losses to the Japanese were irreplaceable. 35 planes
were in condition to fly from the naval arm.
Japanese
resort to
Kamikaze
missions.
http://www.century-of-flight.net
Battle of Leyte Gulf
• Largest naval battle in Strength
WWII which included the USA Japanese
first kamikaze attacks. 8 fleet carriers 1 fleet carrier
8 light carriers 3 light carriers
• The US has more ships than 18 escort carriers 9 battleships
12 battleships 14 heavy
the Japanese had aircraft. 24 cruisers cruisers
• The Japanese command 141 destroyers an
d destroyer
6 light cruisers
35+ destroyers
knew that if the Philippines escorts 300+ planes
Many PT boats, (including land-
were lost then the war was submarines, and based aircraft)
also lost. fleet auxiliaries
About
1,500 planes
Ship losses during Leyte Gulf
Large Small Destroyer
Navy Battleships Cruisers Destroyers
carriers Carriers Escorts
US - 3 - - 2 1
Japanese 1 3 3 10 11 -
The light carrier

USS Princeton burnin
g soon after being hit
by a Japanese bomb
while operating off
the Philippines on 24
October 1944.
Official US Navy
photograph
Battle of Leyte
• The ground invasion of the Philippines. 200,000 U.S. troops land
on the Philippine islands. 3,000 Filipino guerillas are also ready
to fight.
• Gen. MacArthur made a dramatic entrance through the surf and
announce to the populace the beginning of their
liberation: "People of the Philippines, I have returned! By the
grace of Almighty God, our forces stand again on Philippine soil."
• In a series of battles between October 17 – December 31 1944,
the Japanese lost almost 50,000 troops…or four whole divisions
• The Americans also lost 3,500 men and 12,000 wounded.
• The Japanese are now on the defensive on the main island of

Luzon.
“I have returned…”
encyc.org
Navy moves to Luzon
http://en.wikipedia.org
• MacArthur had the task of clearing the main island of Battle
the Philippines of 250,000 Japanese forces while limiting
the risk to Filipino civilians who have waited for his for
return for 2 years.
• The Americans fought with Filipino resistance forces and Luzo
the Mexican air force (300 men)
• The Japanese wished to stage a fierce fight to defeat the n
Americans before they could reach mainland Japan 9 January
• The invasion force began in the north and moved south 1945 – 15
towards Manila, the capital of the Philippines. August
• The Japanese were ordered to destroy infrastructure 1945
military in Manila and fight a hand to hand street fight.
• By February 4, 1945, the Americans had recaptured
Manila and freed the Filipinos of Japanese control.
• Battles continues throughout the island in the following
weeks but all ended in Japanese defeat
• During lulls in the battle for control
of the city, Japanese troops took out
their anger and frustration on the
civilians caught in the crossfire.
Manila Massacre
• Japanese troops looted and burned,
and brutally executed, decapitated
and abused women, men and
children alike, including priests, Red
Cross personnel, prisoners of war
and hospital patients.
• The Japanese killed 10% of the
population of Manila or 100,000
people. It was one of several major
war crimes committed by the
Imperial Japanese Army.
THE KAMIKAZE
“THE DIVINE WIND”
Historical background
• In the year 1281, Japan was under
attack by a Mongol invasion led by the
powerful Kublai Khan.
• However, just as it appeared that the
invading Mongols were about to
overwhelm the Japanese, a catastrophic
typhoon swept through the land,
eliminating the entire Mongol army.
• From that point on, the typhoon that
saved Japan became known as the
Kamikaze or Divine Wind.
Kamikaze ideology
• Transcend life and death. When you eliminate all thoughts
about life and death, you will be able to totally disregard your
earthly life. This will also enable you to concentrate your
attention on eradicating the enemy with unwavering
determination, meanwhile reinforcing your excellence in flight
skills.
- A paragraph from the Kamikaze pilot's manual, located in their
cockpits.
KAMIKAZE PILOTS
ATTACK ALLIES
• The Americans continued
leapfrogging across the
Pacific toward Japan
• Japanese countered by
employing a new tactic –
suicide missions, the
Kamikaze (divine wind)
attacks
• Pilots in small bomb-laden
In the Battle for the Philippines, 424
planes would crash into
Kamikaze pilots sank 16 ships and Allied ships
damaged 80 more
Background
• After the defeat at the Battle of Midway, and the fall of Saipan
in July 1944, the Japanese revived the name Kamikaze and
ascribed it to the suicide missions of their air force.
• Japanese Vice Admiral Takashiro Ohnishi, commander of the
First Air Fleet in the Philippines, had noted that the most
effective way to inflict damage upon Allied warships was to
crash planes into them.
• He noted that one accidental crash could do more damage
than 10 planes firing machine guns.
• It was decided then that pilots would purposely crash their
planes — with half a ton of explosives — into American
warships.
The Pilots
• Generally, Kamikaze pilots were university students motivated
by obligation, and loyalty to family and country. A typical pilot
was a science student in his twenties. He prepared for his fiery
destiny by writing farewell letters and poems to loved ones,
receiving a "thousand-stitch sash*," and by holding a ceremony
— a drink of water that gave him a "spiritual lifting" before
wedging himself between 550-pound bombs.
• It was adamantly believed that, because they were fighting for
their Emperor God, the Kamikaze would bring them deliverance
at the darkest hour, just as it had in the 13th century. In fact, the
call for Kamikaze pilots drew a staggering response. Three times
as many applied for suicide flights as the number of planes
available. Experienced pilots were turned down. They were
needed to train the younger men how to fly to their deaths.
Kamikaze Oath
• The fact that they were to go on suicide missions was
accepted without question by the Japanese pilots. All
inductees into the Japanese armed forces were indoctrinated
with the following five-point oath:
• A soldier must make loyalty his obligation.
• A soldier must make propriety his way of life.
• A soldier must highly esteem military valor.
• A soldier must have a high regard for righteousness.
• A soldier must live a simple life.
Kamikaze Aircraft
• Nicknamed the "Zero," the Mitsubishi A6M2 was the
Kamikaze pilot's personal "flying coffin." It had a maximum
speed of 332 mph and a range of 1,930 miles.
• The aircraft was armed with two machine guns and could
carry 264 pounds of bombs; however, the Japanese modified
its structure to accommodate a heavier arsenal.
• The Zero was the main strike aircraft used at Pearl Harbor —
dominating the skies during the early stages of World War II.
• A large number were shot down during the Battle of Midway,
and it eventually became outperformed by the latest allied
aircraft, such as the P-51 Mustang.
The First Attacks
• Beginning with the Pearl Harbor Attack, Japanese suicide bombers
sporadically crashed their planes into the enemy as a spur-of-the-
moment decision.
• On October 21, 1944, the flagship of the Royal Australian Navy, the
heavy cruiser HMAS Australia, was hit by a Japanese plane carrying a
441-pound bomb, off Leyte Island. Although the bomb did not
explode, the damage was devastating — killing at least 30 crew
members
• On October 25, the Australia was hit again and was forced to retire to
the New Hebrides for repairs.
• That same day, five Zeros attacked a U.S. escort carrier, the USS St. Lo
off the Philippines coast, although only one Kamikaze actually hit the
ship. Its bomb caused massive fires that resulted in the ship's bomb
magazine exploding, sinking the carrier. Japanese pilots also hit and
damaged several other Allied ships.
Expansion of Kamikazes
• The initial successes of
those attacks sparked an
immediate expansion of
the program. During the
next few months, more
than 2,000 planes staged
such attacks.
• The Japanese began
exploring other
technologies using suicide
missions – human mines,
suicide boats, submarines,
and the kaiten
Shinyo – suicide boat
Dropped
depth
charges,
usually
killing the
sailor
Ohka – rocket propelled,
human guided bomb
Kaiten
• The Kaiten were a man driven
torpedo. Usually torpedoes
are guided by a pneumatic
system. These were replaced
with electronic controls www2s.biglobe.ne.jp
allowing a pilot to drive a
torpedo directly into enemy
ships.
• American losses due to the
kaiten were much lower than
from kamikazes. 187
Americans died as a result of
these attacks
http://www.history.navy.mil
Battle usage of the kamikaze
• Heavy use of kamikazes were seen in
the Philippines Campaign, Iwo Jima
and Okinawa
• By the time the marines unfurled the
U.S. flag on Iwo Jima's summit,
Kamikaze attacks had sunk the
escort flattop Bismarck Sea CVE-95,
knocked the USS Saratoga CV 3 out
of the war for good, and temporarily
halted the Enterprise — all while
regularly harassing amphibious
forces at the beachhead.
• Thousands were set aside for attacks
if a mainland invasion occurred
USS Bunker Hill, after 2 kamikaze hits
438 men died on this ship
pictureshistory.blogspot.com
Aftermath of the kamikaze
• From October 25, 1944, to January
25, 1945, Kamikazes managed to
sink two escort carriers and three
destroyers. They also damaged 23
carriers, five battleships, nine
cruisers, 23 destroyers and 27 other
ships. American casualties were at
least 5,000 killed and another 1,300
wounded as the result of kamikaze
attacks.
• It was key in Truman’s decision to
drop the atomic bombs.
• On the eve of the Japanese
surrender, Takijiro Onishi ended his
own life, leaving a note of apology http://en.wikipedia.org
to his dead pilots — their sacrifice
had been in vain.
END GAME.
IWO JIMA AND OKINAWA
ATOMIC PREPARATIONS
• December 17, 1944
- The U.S. Army Air
Force begins
preparations for
dropping the Atomic
Bomb by establishing
the 509th Composite
Group to operate the
B-29s that will deliver
the bomb.
• General MacArthur
and the Allies next IWO JIMA
turned to the Island
of Iwo Jima
• The island was
critical to the Allies
as a base for an
attack on Japan
• It was called the
most heavily
defended spot on
earth
• Allied and Japanese
forces suffered heavy
casualties
American soldiers plant the flag on
the Island of Iwo Jima after their
victory
JAPANESE STRATEGY
• General Kuribayashi, the Japanese
Commander of Iwo Jima
• The Japanese strategy was unique for
three reasons:
1. The Japanese underground - they dug
1,500 rooms into the rock. These were
connected with 16 miles of tunnels.
2. “No Japanese survivors." They planned not
to survive.
3. Each Japanese soldier should kill 10
Americans before they themselves are
killed. http://www.iwojima.com/battle/battlea.htm
KURIBAYASHI
• In Tokyo months before the invasion, General Kuribayashi had
been told "if America's casualties are high enough,
Washington will think twice before launching an another
invasion against Japanese territory.“
• "You must not expect my survival," General Kuribayashi wrote
to his wife long before the invasion came.
• General Kuribayashi's command center had 5 ft. thick walls, a
10 ft. thick roof. This cement capsule was under 75 ft. of solid
rock.
http://www.iwojima.com/battle
• Since the summer of 1944, the
Japanese home islands had been
reeling from strikes by the new,
long range B-29's. LOCATION
• The US, however, had no protective
fighters with enough range to
escort the big superfortresses.
many bombers fell prey to Japanese
fighter-interceptor attacks.
• Iwo Jima, with its three airfields,
was ideally located as a fighter-
escort station. It was also an ideal
sanctuary for crippled bombers
returning from Japan.
US INVASION
PREPARATIONS
• American air forces pounded Iwo in
the longest sustained aerial offensive
of the war. "No other island received
as much preliminary pounding as did
Iwo Jima."
. . . Admiral Nimitz, CINPAC
• Incredibly, this ferocious
bombardment had little effect. Hardly
any of the Japanese underground
fortresses were touched.
• Twenty-one thousand defenders of http://www.iwojima.com/battle
Japanese soil, burrowed in the

volcanic rock of Iwo Jima, anxiously
awaited the American invaders.
US INVASION
PREPARATIONS
• The US sent more
Marines to Iwo than to
any other battle, 110,000
Marines in 880 Ships.
• The convoy of 880 US
Ships sailed from Hawaii
to Iwo in 40 days.
• It was the largest
armada invasion up to
that time in the Pacific http://www.iwojima.com/battle
War
LANDINGS BEGIN ON IWO
• Landings begin on February 19, 1945
• Shortly before 2am on Feb. 19, 1945, the Navy's big guns opened up on Iwo Jima
again, signaling the beginning of D-Day. After an hour of punishment, the fire was
lifted, leaving Iwo smoking as if the entire island were on fire.
• Both Americans aboard their transports and the Japanese in their caves looked to
the skies now. One-hundred-ten bombers screamed out of the sky to drop more
bombs. After the planes left, the big guns of the Navy opened up again.
• At 8:30am, the order, "Land the Landing Force," sent the first wave of Marines
towards the deadly shores. Once ashore, the Marines were bedeviled by the loose
volcanic ash. Unable to dig foxholes, they were sitting ducks for the hidden Japanese
gunners.
• Heavy fire made it impossible to land men in an orderly manner. Confusion reigned
on the beaches.
• The battle was unique in its setting. One hundred thousand men fighting on a tiny
island one-third the size of Manhattan. For 36 days Iwo Jima was one of the most
populated 7.5 miles on earth.
D-DAY ON IWO JIMA
http://www.iwojima.com
ALWAYS IN RANGE
• Mt. Suribachi, the 550-foot volcanic cone at the islands southern tip,
dominates both possible landing beaches. From here, Japanese
gunners zeroed in on every inch of the landing beach.
• Every Marine, everywhere on the island was always in range of
Japanese guns.
• There are six Flag Raisers
on the photo. Four in the
front line and two in back.
FEBRUARY 23
• The front four are (left to
right) Ira Hayes, Franklin
Sousley, John Bradley and
Harlon Block.
• The back two are Michael
Strank (behind Sousley)
and Rene Gagnon (behind
Bradley).
• Strank, Block and Sousley
would die shortly
afterwards. Bradley,
Hayes and Gagnon
became national heroes
within weeks.
REALITY OF IWO
• There were no front lines. The Marines were above ground and the
Japanese were below them underground. The Marines rarely saw an alive
Japanese soldier. The Japanese could see the Marines perfectly.
• Historians described U.S. forces' attack against the Japanese defense as
"throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete."
• The battle was won by the inch-by-inch tenacity of the foot soldier.
• Liquid gas, napalm and hand grenades were more useful against the
underground Japanese.
BATTLE END – MARCH 23
OUTCOME OF IWO JIMA
Casualties and losses
AMERICAN JAPANESE
6,822 killed/missing 17,845–18,375 killed/missing

19,217 wounded 216 captured
BATTLE OF OKINAWA
http://nisei.hawaii.edu
OKINAWA OVERVIEW
[The following is excerpted from Ted Tsukiyama's The Battle of
Okinawa manuscript.]
•The Battle of Okinawa has been called the largest sea-land-air

battle in history. It is also the last battle of the Pacific War.
•Three months of desperate combat leave Okinawa a "vast field
of mud, lead, decay, and maggots."
•More than 100,000 Okinawan civilians perish, with over 72,000
American and 100,000 Japanese casualties.
Battle of Okinawa
• April 1, 1945 – June 22, 1945
• Fought on the Ryukyu Islands
• 340 miles from mainland Japan
• Strategic Importance:
• A base for air operations on the
planned invasion of the Japanese
mainland
• Alllies include
• USA
• UK
• Canada
• Australia
• New Zealand
TROOP COMPARISON
Strength
Allied Japanese
183,000 117,000
TROOP COMPARISON
Allied Japanese
1st and 6th Marines 32nd Army = 67,500

2nd Marines (Reserved) Imperial Navy = 9,000
Tenth Army Okinawans = 39,000
Middle school boys = 1,500
Others = appx
Total = 183,000 Total = 117,000
KAMIKAZE ATTACKS
CONTINUE
• The U.S. Navy carrier-based planes
controlled the skies
• The Japanese continued to use
kamikaze attacks since the Battle for
the Philippines.
• During the two-month intense
fighting on Okinawa, seven major
kamikaze attacks were attempted ,
involving more than 1,500 planes.
• The U.S. Navy sustained greater
casualties in this operation than in
USS New Mexico being hit by a kamikaze
any other battle of the war. pictureshistory.blogspot.com
BRITISH COMMONWEALTH
• The Allied landing force was completely made up of U.S. units.
• The British Pacific Fleet provided ships and aircraft to the fight
at Okinawa
• British
• Canadian
• New Zealand
• Australians
• British Commonwealth Mission: neutralize airfields in the
nearby islands and provide air cover against kamikaze attacks
• The British Fleet used armored flight decks on their aircraft

carriers, so they experienced less destruction of ships.
Pre-Invasion of Okinawa
• The April 1st invasion was preceded by 7 days of "softening up" artillery fire
of 13,000 rounds by U.S. Navy guns and 3,095 sorties by carrier planes from
Task Force 58 at the proposed landing sites at Hagushi and Chatan beaches.
• The bombardment did little to weaken the defense of the Japanese. Their
defenses were not in the area of the shelling.
JAPANESE STRATEGY AT
OKINAWA
• Col. Yahara summarized the strategy:
"Japan was frantically preparing for a final decisive battle on the
home islands, leaving Okinawa to face a totally hopeless situation.
From the beginning I had insisted that our proper strategy was to
hold the enemy as long as possible, drain off his troops and
supplies, and thus contribute our utmost to the final decisive battle
for Japan proper." (Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 49)
• Translated into real terms, this dark outlook was to render the
entire Japanese forces, the total land and resources of
Okinawa and all of its residents, to become totally expendable
in Japan's defense of Okinawa.
JAPANESE
IN THE
OKINAWA
NVILLAGE
S
LAND BATTLE
• 81 day campaign
• First Americans land on March 26, 1945.
• Main landing of Marines on Okinawa occurs on April 1, 1945.
(It was April Fools Day, Easter Sunday, and sarcastically called
L-Day/Love Day)
• Okinawan civilians were used as human shields to protect the
Japanese. They were sent out to gather supplies for Japanese
troops.
• The American units landed almost unopposed. They took the
interior of the island and split the Japanese forces from each
other. Also captured were two airfields.
LAND BATTLE CONTINUES
• After U.S. forces cut the island of Okinawa in two, the main invasion
forces, principally the XXIV Corps, were ordered to turn and drive
southward toward Shuri as the main objective, while the Japanese
enemy ordered their troops to hold ground at any cost. The Japanese
had long prepared "the Shuri Line" as its main line of defense and
were ready:
• "The main zone of defense was planned as a series of concentric
positions adapted to the contours of the area. Caves, emplacements,
blockhouses, and pillboxes were built into the hills and escarpments,
connected by elaborate underground tunnels and skillfully
camouflaged; many of the burial tombs were fortified. (Okinawa: The
Last Battle, p. 95)
• The defenses were similar to that of Iwo Jima, except no volcano.
COMBAT CONDITIONS
• "For the next two weeks the war
settled down to the most bitter,
ruthless kind of hand-to-hand fighting,
as GIs and marines desperately tried
to claw their way up heavily defended
rocky escarpments. The advancing
troops were exposed not merely to
constant mortar, machine gun, and
rifle fire, but they took a pounding
from General Wada's artillery. It was
the worst fighting of the Pacific war,
its sustained intensity surpassing even
the brutal combat of Tarawa, Peleliu,
and Iwo Jima." (Yahara, The Battle for
Okinawa, p.33-34) http://nisei.hawaii.edu
AMERICANS CATCH A
BREAK
• The XXIV Corps found a map on a dead Japanese artillery officer
• The Japanese map was overlayed on to U.S. artillery maps and
distributed to all American attacking forces. The theretofore hidden
Japanese gun emplacements were no longer a mystery, and were
subsequently neutralized and destroyed by pinpointed American
artillery, mortar and napalm fire
• That night remnants of the
Japanese fleet including the
mighty battleship "Yamato" BACK IN THE SEA
steamed out of Kyushu to meet
the American flotilla off
Okinawa
• The Navy directing bombing
and torpedo attacks against the
enemy fleet, sinking the pride
of the Japanese Navy the
"Yamato," cruiser "Yahagi" and
three destroyers
• The US Navy destroyed the last
remnants of the Japanese Navy
for good off Okinawa.
JAPANESE COUNTER-
OFFENSIVES
• The Japanese launch a
series of counter-
offensives to regain
the land they lost in
the American
advance.
• All were met with
total loss and failure.
• The only successful
missions launched by
the Japanese after
April 1945, were
kamikaze.
AMERICANS URGE
SURRENDER
• Around this time the entrenched Japanese were not only
bombarded by ceaseless U.S. naval guns but were showered
with surrender leaflets and daily loudspeaker broadcasts in
fluent Japanese from offshore craft urging:
• "Japanese soldiers. You fought well and proudly for the cause
of Japan, but now the issue of victory or defeat has been
decided. To continue the battle is meaningless. We will
guarantee your lives. Please come down to the beach and
swim out to us.“
• But these messages were ignored, and only a few swam out to
offshore American ships.
MESSAGE TO GEN.
USHIJIMA
"The forces under your command have fought bravely and well. Your
infantry tactics have merited the respect of your opponents in the battle
for Okinawa.
•Like myself you are an infantry general, long schooled and experienced
in infantry warfare. You must surely realize the pitiful plight of your
defense forces. You know that no reinforcements can reach you. I
believe, therefore, that you understand as clearly as I, that the
destruction of all Japanese resistance on the island is merely a matter of
days. It will entail the necessity of my destroying the vast majority of your
remaining troops."
•Col. Yahara wrote that "General Buckner's proposal for us to surrender
was, of course, an affront to Japanese tradition. General Ushijima's only
reaction was to smile broadly and say, 'The enemy has made me an
expert on infantry warfare.'" (Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 136)
FINAL ORDERS
• General Ushijima's last order which read:
• "The battlefield is now in such chaos that all communications

have ceased. It is impossible for me to command you. Every
man in these fortifications will follow his superior officer's
order and fight to the end for the sake of the motherland. This
is my final order. Farewell." (Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa,
p. 134)
• Thousands of Japanese were holed up in caves around

Madeera and Makabe defending fanatically, forcing the U.S.
5th Marines to fight on until June 21 to wipe out the survivors
and to secure this last pocket of resistance.
BATTLE
ENDS
• The Americans claim
victory on June 22,
1945 when the final
defenses are
destroyed.
• Thousands of
Okinawans are
ordered to commit
suicide from Japanese
holdouts.
• Americans disperse
leaflets to discourage
this action
THE BATTLE FOR OKINAWA
• In April 1945, U.S.
marines invaded Okinawa
• The Japanese unleashed
1,900 Kamikaze attacks
sinking 30 ships and
killing 5,000 seamen
• Okinawa cost the
Americans 12,500
Marines and the
Japanese 100,000 soldiers
• An additional 40,000
Marines were wounded
ATOMIC END
INVADE JAPAN?
• After Okinawa,
MacArthur predicted
Okinawa
that a Normandy type
amphibious invasion
of Japan would result
in 1,500,000 Allied
deaths
• Truman estimated 1
million would lose
their lives
• President Truman saw
only one way to avoid The loss of life at Iwo Jima and Okinawa
an invasion of convinced Allied leaders that an invasion
Japan . . . of Japan was not the best idea
ATOMIC BOMB
DEVELOPED
• Japan had a huge army
that would defend every
inch of the Japanese
mainland
• So Truman decided to use
a powerful new weapon
developed by scientists
working on the
mrbrownww2.pbworks.com
Manhattan Project – the
Atomic Bomb
U.S. DROPS TWO
ATOMIC BOMBS ON
JAPAN
• Truman warned
Japan in late July 1945
that without a immediate
Japanese surrender, it
faced “prompt and utter
destruction”
• On August 6 (Hiroshima)
and August 9 (Nagasaki) a
B-29 bomber dropped The plane and crew that dropped an
Atomic Bombs on Japan atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan
TARGET: HIROSHIMA
• Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a
pristine target, where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an
undamaged city could be observed.
• While damage could be studied later, the energy yield of the
untested Little Boy design could be determined only at the
moment of detonation, using instruments dropped by
parachute from a plane flying in formation with the one that
dropped the bomb. Radio-transmitted data from these
instruments indicated a yield of about 15 kilotons.
LITTLE BOY DESIGN
• The Mk I "Little Boy" was 9.8 feet (3.0 m) in length, 28
inches (71 cm) in diameter and weighed approximately
8,900 pounds (4,000 kg).
• The design used the gun method to explosively force a
hollow sub-critical mass of uranium-235 and a solid target
spike together into a super-critical mass, initiating a nuclear
chain reaction.
• This was accomplished by shooting one piece of the
uranium onto the other by means of chemical explosives. It
contained 64 kg of uranium, of which less than a kilogram
underwent nuclear fission, and of this mass only 0.6 g was
transformed into energy.
GUN-TYPE FISSION BOMB
August 6, 1945
HIROSHIMA
“Little Boy”
LITTLE BOY
• August 6, 1945 – Little boy is
dropped on the city of Hiroshima,
Japan
• Delivered by B-29 Superfortress
named Enola Gay.
• Enola Gay was piloted by Paul
Tibbets.
• Tibbets was of the 393rd
Bombardment Squadron of the
Army Air Force.
• This bomb because of it’s design ourcivilisation.com
was not tested before use because

the design was simple but the
materials were limited
THE BLAST
• The blast from the bomb is a result of X-ray heated air. This
sends a shock pressure wave in all directions at faster than the
speed of sound.
• Within the 1-mile Ground Zero, buildings were severely
damaged from the pressure wave alone.
• The following effect of the explosion is a FIREBALL which

extended 1,200 ft in diameter.
• Everything flammable burst into flame, glass and sand melted
into molten glass.
• Humans were vaporized or turned to carbon in an instant.
• The accompanying firestorm extended around a 1 mile radius

Map of
Blast and
Fire
Damage to
Hiroshima
U.S.
Strategic
Bombing
Survey
DEATH TOLL
• According to published US Army figures
66,000 people were killed as a direct result
of the Hiroshima blast, and 69,000 were
injured to varying degrees.
• The U.S. Department of Energy gives this
account of the death toll of the bombing of
Hiroshima:
• "By the end of 1945, because of the
lingering effects of radioactive fallout and
other after effects, the Hiroshima death
toll was over 140,000. The five-year death
total may have reached or even exceeded
200,000, as cancer and other long-term http://en.wikipedia.org
effects took hold."
TRUMAN’S
ANNOUNCEMENT
• If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of
ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this
earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in
such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with
the fighting skill of which they are already well aware
• August 7, 1945
• The Japanese were asked to accept the Potsdam Resolution.
• They did not respond.

TARGET: KOKURA
• On the morning of August 9, 1945, the U.S. B-29 Superfortress
Bockscar, flown by the crew of 393rd Squadron commander
Major Charles W. Sweeney, carried the nuclear bomb code-
named "Fat Man“
• The city of Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the
secondary target.
• The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to
that of the Hiroshima mission, with two B-29s flying an hour
ahead as weather scouts and two additional B-29s in
Sweeney's flight for instrumentation and photographic
support of the mission.
• Kokura was obscured by clouds, the squadron headed for
Nagasaki.
The Bockscar and its crew,
who dropped the “Fat Man”
FAT MAN BOMB
• The "Fat Man" weapon, containing a core of 14.1 lbs of
plutonium-239, was dropped over the Nagasaki’s industrial valley
at 11:01 AM.
• It exploded 43 seconds later at 469 meters (1,540 ft) This was 2 mi
northwest of the planned hypocenter; the blast was confined to
the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected
by the intervening hills.
• The resulting explosion had a blast yield equivalent to 21 kilotons
of TNT
• The explosion generated heat estimated at 7,000 °F and winds
that were estimated at 624 mph
• Casualty estimates for immediate deaths range from 40,000 to
75,000. Total deaths by the end of 1945 may have reached 80,000
from the Fat Man bomb in Nagasaki.
FAT MAN BOMB
INSIDE FAT MAN
August 9,
1945
NAGASAKI
Nagasaki
Before 
After 
JAPAN SURRENDERS
• Japan surrendered
days after the second
atomic bomb was
dropped
• General MacArthur
said, “Today the
guns are silent. The
skies no longer rain
death . . .the entire
world is quietly at
peace.”
•Official Japanese
At the White House, President Harry
surrender is on
Truman announces the Japanese
September 2, 1945,
surrender, August 14, 1945
aboard the USS
Missouri.
JAPAN ON USS MISSOURI
• In February 1945, as
the Allies pushed THE YALTA
toward victory in
Europe, an ailing FDR
CONFERENCE
met with Churchill and
Stalin at the Black Sea
resort of Yalta in the
USSR
• A series of
compromises were
worked out
concerning postwar
Europe
(L to R) Churchill, FDR and Stalin
at Yalta
YALTA AGREEMENTS
1. They agreed to
divide Germany
into 4 occupied
zones after the war
2. Stalin agreed to
free elections in
Eastern Europe
3. Stalin agreed to
help the U.S. in the
war against Japan
and to join the
United Nations
NUREMBERG WAR TRIALS
Herman Goering, Hitler's right-hand man and chief

architect of the German war effort, testifies at his trial.
He was found guilty of war crimes but avoided
execution by swallowing potassium cyanide.
• The discovery of Hitler’s death camps led the Allies to put 24 surviving Nazi
leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and
war crimes
• The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany
• “I was only following orders” was not an acceptable defense as 12 of the 24
were sentenced to death and the others to life in prison
Nearly 59 years after the end of World War II,
the National World War II Memorial was
dedicated in Washington, D.C., on Saturday,
May 29, 2004 to honor the 408,680 Americans
who died in the conflict
THE OCCUPATION OF JAPAN
• Japan was occupied by U.S. forces under the command of General

MacArthur
• During the seven- year occupation, MacArthur reshaped Japan’s
economy by introducing free-market practices that led to a
remarkable economic recovery
• Additionally, he introduced a liberal constitution that to this day is
called the MacArthur Constitution

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US in WWII

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THE UNITED STATES

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6,822 killed/missing 17,845–18,375 killed/missing

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1st and 6th Marines 32nd Army = 67,500

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was not tested before use because

• The following effect of the explosion is a FIREBALL which

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• The Japanese were asked to accept the Potsdam Resolution.

• They did not respond.

Herman Goering, Hitler's right-hand man and chief

• Japan was occupied by U.S. forces under the command of General

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