|
 



  

By
 | 
Research Scholar, CEG, Anna University, Chennai.
Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,,
St. Joseph¶s College of Engineering,
Jeppiaar Trust, Chennai-119
 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE i

IT¶S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT¶S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT¶S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT¶S PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV.

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & //
TO VP)

1. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

1. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

1. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

1. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

 For Tv 



 
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a¶
Note: a¶
Fv is a vertical line
A Showing True Length Fv
1. V

FV &
Tv is a point.
¶
A Line
¶
perpendicular 6
to Hp B For Fv
& TV a

// to Vp 6
Tv a

H.P.




 
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
Fv & Tv
oth are
2. // to xy a¶ Fv
¶
V

¶ &
A Line V
B
oth show T. L.
// to Hp a¶
& A 6
// to Vp For Fv

a

Tv
6 T.V.
a
H.P.
 Fv inclined to V.P.
xy
¶
3. V

¶
Tv parallel to V
A Line inclined to Hp V
B
xy.
and a¶
parallel to Vp a¶ 6
(Pictorial presentation) A

a T.V.

6 V
a

H.P.
Orthographic Projections

Tv inclined to V.P.
4. xy
V
Fv parallel to a¶ Fv
¶
A Line inclined to Vp  V
¶
a¶ xy.
and
parallel to Hp A
Ø
B 6
(Pictorial presentation) a Ø

Ø Tv
a

V


H.P.
 For Tv For Tv
5. A Line inclined to
oth

¶ Hp and Vp
¶
(Pictorial presentation) V

V

B
V B V

On removal of o
ject a¶
a¶ i.e. Line AB For
For Fv as a image on Vp.
A Fv
A Fv Tv as a image on Hp,
6
6 a V

a V

V.P.

¶
FV
a¶

6
Orthographic Projections Note These Facts:-
Fv is seen on Vp clearly. Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
 

 
  a (No view is parallel to xy)

  
 Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths.
Hence it comes
elow xy. TV (No view shows True Length)

H.P.


   
ƅ A line joining any two points along the shortest route is called a straight
line.
ƅ All pro
lems are first quadrant pro
lems.
ƅ Notation: Front view ĺ with dash e.g. a¶, a1¶ «
Top view ĺ without dash e.g. a , a1 «
ƅ If a line AB is parallel to a reference plane, then the projection of the
line AB o
tained on that reference plane will have true length and true
inclination.
ƅ If a line AB is inclined to a reference plane, then the projection of the
line AB o
tained on that reference plane will have apparent length.
ƅ Vertical line ĺ A line parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP.
Horizontal line ĺ A line parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP.
ƅ
ș = True inclination of the line with the HP
ĭ = True inclination of the line with the VP
ș1 = Apparent inclination of the line with the HP
ĭ1 = Apparent inclination of the line with the VP
Ɔ True length makes true inclination
Ɔ Apparent length makes apparent inclination.
Ɔ Apparent inclinations are always greater than true inclinations.
Ɔ Apparent lengths are shorter than the true length.
  
    
ƅ When the line is inclined to
oth the planes ,
oth the top view and
front view will have reduced length.
i.e. Front view length & Top view length ĺ Apparent lengths
ƅ   !"#|"  $ "#
 GROUP (A)
GENERAL CASES OF THE LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP
(
ased on 10 parameters).
PROBLEM 1)
Line AB is 75 mm long and it is 300 &
400 Inclined to Hp & Vp respectively.
End A is 12mm a
ove Hp and 10 mm
¶
¶1
in front of Vp.
Draw projections. Line is in 1st
quadrant. FV
˜˜
˜ TL
1) Draw xy line and one projector.
2) Locate a¶ 12mm a
ove xy line
& a 10mm
elow xy line.
3) Take 300 angle from a¶ & 400 from
a and mark TL I.e. 75mm on
oth
a¶
lines. Name those points
1¶ and
1
respectively.
6
4) Join
oth points with a¶ and a resp. a Ø
LFV


5) Draw horizontal lines (Locus) from

oth points.
6) Draw horizontal component of TL
a
1 from point
1 and name it 1.
( the length a-1 gives length of Fv as we
have seen already.) TV TL
7) Extend it up to locus of a¶ and rotating
a¶ as center locate
¶ as shown. Join a¶

¶ as Fv.
8) From
¶ drop a projector down ward &
get point
. Join a &
I.e. Tv.

1
PROBLEM 2:
Line AB 75mm long makes 450 inclination with Vp while it¶s Fv
makes 550.
End A is 10 mm a
ove Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp.If line is in 1st
¶1 LOCUS OF
1

¶
quadrant
Solution Steps:-
draw
1.Drawit¶s
x-y projections
line. and find it¶s inclination with Hp.
2.Draw one projector for a¶ & a
3.Locate

10mm a
ove x-y & FV
Tv
15 mm
elow xy. TL
4.Draw a line 450 inclined to xy
from point
and cut TL 75 mm 55
on it and name that point 
0
Draw locus from point 

5.Take 550 angle from

for Fv a¶
a
ove xy line.
6.Draw a vertical line from 
6 y
up to locus of a and name it
.
It is horizontal component of
TL & is LFV. a LFV
7.Continue it to locus of

and 1
rotate upward up to the line
of Fv and name it 
.This


450
line is Fv.
8. Drop a projector from
¶ on
locus from point 
and
name intersecting point .
Line
 is Tv of line AB.
9.Draw locus from 
and from TV TL


with TL distance cut point 

10.Join



as TL and measure
it¶s angle at

It will
e true angle of line with HP.

LOCUS OF



1
 PROBLEM 3: Fv of line AB is 500 inclined to
xy and measures 55 mm long while it¶s Tv is
600 inclined to xy line. If end A is 10 mm
a
ove Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp, draw it¶s
projections,find TL, inclinations of line with Hp
¶
¶1
& Vp.

SOLUTION STEPS: FV
TL
1.Draw xy line and one projector.
2.Locate a¶ 10 mm a
ove xy and
a 15 mm
elow xy line. 500
3.Draw locus from these points. a¶
4.Draw Fv 500 to xy from a¶ and 6
mark
¶ Cutting 55mm on it. y
5.Similarly draw Tv 600 to xy
from a & drawing projector from
¶ a
Locate point
and join a
.
6.Then rotating views as shown, 600
locate True Lengths a
1 & a¶
1¶
and their angles with Hp and Vp.

TL

1


 PROBLEM 4 :-
Line AB is 75 mm long .It¶s Fv and Tv measure 50 mm & 60 mm long respectively.
End A is 10 mm a
ove Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp. Draw projections of line AB
if end B is in first quadrant.Find angle with Hp and Vp.

¶
¶1

SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Draw xy line and one projector. FV
2.Locate a¶ 10 mm a
ove xy and TL
a 15 mm
elow xy line.
3.Draw locus from these points.
4.Cut 60mm distance on locus of a¶ LTV 1¶
& mark 1¶ on it as it is LTV. a¶
5.Similarly Similarly cut 50mm on
locus of a and mark point 1 as it is LFV.
6
6.From 1¶ draw a vertical line upward
and from a¶ taking TL ( 75mm ) in a LFV
1
compass, mark
¶1 point on it.
Join a¶
¶1 points.
7. Draw locus from
¶1
8. With same steps
elow get
1 point
and draw also locus from it.
9. Now rotating one of the components
I.e. a-1 locate
¶ and join a¶ with it TV TL
to get Fv.
10. Locate tv similarly and measure
Angles
&

1


ƅ 
%
!%
 ( from Apparent length )
Ɔ The apparent length should
e made parallel to reference
line
6 .
Ɔ Then draw a vertical projector.
Ɔ Then use appropriate locus ( case i ) or
true length as radius ( case ii ) or
the appropriate inclined line ( case iii )
to intersect the a
ove vertical projector to get true length.
ƅ 
%
& 
 ( from True length )
Ɔ Draw a vertical projector from the true length to get apparent length as a straight line
parallel to the reference line 6 .
Ɔ Then draw an arc taking the a
ove apparent length as radius to intersect the appropriate
locus ( case i )
or the appropriate inclined line ( case ii ) to get the required apparent length.
' When a line is inclined to
oth the reference planes ( H.P. & V.P.) the apparent
lengths cannot
e a straight line parallel to the reference line 6 .
ƅ The a
ove procedure used to get true length and apparent length is

  
ƅ True length : To get true length a
ove reference line 6 , use apparent
length
elow reference line 6 and vice versa.
ƅ Apparent length : To get apparent length a
ove reference line 6 , use
true length
elow reference line 6 and vice versa.
ƅ a & a¶ should lie on the same projector.
&
¶ should lie on the same
projector.
m & m¶ should lie on the same projector.
ƅ While taking the angle ĭ or ĭ1 , care should
e taken to see that a¶,
a1¶, a, a1 « and
¶,
1¶,
,
1« are grouped separately.
PROBLEM 5 :-
T.V. of a 75 mm long Line CD, measures 50 mm.
End C is in Hp and 50 mm in front of Vp.
End D is 15 mm in front of Vp and it is a
ove Hp.
Draw projections of CD and find angles with Hp d¶ d¶1 LOCUS OF d¶ & d¶1
and Vp.
SOLUTION STEPS: FV TL
1.Draw xy line and one projector.
2.Locate c¶ on xy and
c 50mm
elow xy line.
3.Draw locus from these points.
4.Draw locus of d 15 mm
elow xy
5.Cut 50mm & 75 mm distances on c¶
locus of d from c and mark points 6
d & d1 as these are Tv and line CD d1 LOCUS OF d&
lengths resp.& join
oth with c. d
d1
6.From d1 draw a vertical line
upward TL
up to xy I.e. up to locus of c¶ and
draw an arc as shown. TV
7 Then draw one projector from d to
meet this arc in d¶ point & join c¶ d¶
8. Draw locus of d¶ and cut 75 mm
on it from c¶ as TL
9.Measure Angles
& c


( MEANS IN A PLANE PERPENDICULAR TO BOTH HP & VP)
For T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF LINE IN PROFILE PLANE

VP VT PP
a¶ a´
A a¶

FV LSV

¶
¶
´
6 HT

a
B
For F.V. TV
a



HP

   
1. TV & FV
oth are vertical, hence arrive on one single
projector.
2. It¶s Side View shows True Length ( TL) + = 900 )
3. Sum of it¶s inclinations with HP & VP equals to 900 (
4. It¶s HT & VT arrive on same projector and can
e easily
located
˜VVV˜˜V
From Side View.


Ɔ If ș + ĭ = 900, then the required projections ( front view and top view ) will lie on a same
straight line.

Ɔ But, if the end P of the line PQ is nearer to VP then the position of the line PQ and the required
projections (front view and top
view) will
e as following:
 APPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTIONS OF LINES
IN SOLVING CASES OF DIFFERENT PRACTICAL SITUATIONS.

In these types of pro
lems some situation in the field

or
some o
ject will
e descri
ed .
It¶s relation with Ground ( HP )
And
a Wall or some vertical o
ject ( VP ) will
e given.

Indirectly information regarding Fv & Tv of some line or lines,

inclined to
oth reference Planes will
e given
and
you are supposed to draw it¶s projections
and
further to determine it¶s true Length and it¶s inclinations with ground.

Here various pro
lems along with

actual pictures of those situations are given
for you to understand those clearly. CHECK OUR ANSWERS
Now looking for views in given ARROW directions, WITH THE SOLUTIONS
OU are supposed to draw projections & find answers, GIVEN IN THE END.
Off course you must visualize the situation properly. ˜
PROBLEM 14:-Two o
jects, a flower (A) and an orange (B) are within a rectangular compound wall,
whose P & Q are walls meeting at 900. Flower A is 1M & 5.5 M from walls P & Q respectively.
Orange B is 4M & 1.5M from walls P & Q respectively. Drawing projection, find distance
etween
them
TV
If flower is 1.5 M and orange is 3.5 M a
ove the ground. Consider suita
le scale..

B ]


]


V
 PROBLEM 14:-Two o
jects, a flower (A) and an orange (B) are within a rectangular compound wall,
whose P & Q are walls meeting at 900. Flower A is 1.5M & 1 M from walls P & Q respectively.
Orange B is 3.5M & 5.5M from walls P & Q respectively. Drawing projection, find distance
etween
them If flower is 1.5 M and orange is 3.5 M a
ove the ground. Consider suita
le scale..

¶
¶1

3,5M TL (answer)
a¶
1.5M
x y
Wall P Wall P
B
1.5M
a
3.6M 1M
A
Wall Q


5.5M
Wall Q F.V.
PROBLEM 15 :- Two mangos on a tree A & B are 1.5 m and 3.00 m a
ove ground
and those are 1.2 m & 1.5 m from a 0.3 m thick wall
ut on opposite sides of it.
If the distance measured
etween them along the ground and parallel to wall is 2.6
m,
Then find real distance
etween them
y drawing their projections.
TV

0.3M THICK
A

FV
PROBLEM 15 :- Two mangos on a tree A & B are 1.5 m and 3.00 m a
ove ground
and those are 1.2 m & 1.5 m from a 0.3 m thick wall
ut on opposite sides of it.
If the distance measured
etween them along the ground and parallel to wall is 2.6 m,
Then find real distance
etween them
y drawing their projections.

TV

¶
1¶
B
3.00 m
a¶

1.5m
A 0.3M THICK
WALL

 6


0.3m 1.5m
FV
Wall thickness
1.2m
a
2.6m
REAL DISTANCE BETWEEN
MANGOS A & B IS = a¶
1¶
PROBLEM 16 :- oa, o
& oc are three lines, 25mm, 45mm and
65mm
long respectively.All equally inclined and the shortest
is vertical.This fig. is TV of three rods OA, OB and OC
whose ends A,B & C are on ground and end O is 100mm
a
ove ground. Draw their projections and find length of
each along with their angles with ground.

TV

O
65 mm
25mm C
A

FV
45 mm

B
PROBLEM 16 :-
oa, o
& oc are three lines, 25mm, 45mm and 65mm
Tv
long respectively.All equally inclined and the shortest
is vertical.This fig. is TV of three rods OA, OB and OC
whose ends A,B & C are on ground and end O is 100mm
a
ove ground. Draw their projections and find length of
each along with their angles with ground. O
o¶
C

TL2 100 TL1

TL3
Fv

1¶
¶ a¶ a1¶ c¶ c1¶
x y
a B

25
o Answers:
45 TL1 TL2 & TL3

65
c
PROBLEM 17:- A pipe line from point A has a downward gradient 1:5 and it runs due East-
South.
Another Point B is 12 M from A and due East of A and in same level of A. Pipe line from B runs
200 Due East of South and meets pipe line from A at point C.
Draw projections and find length of pipe line from B and it¶s inclination with ground.

1
N Downward Gradient 1:5

A 12 M
B E

S
 PROBLEM 17:- A pipe line from point A has a downward gradient 1:5 and it runs due South - East.
Another Point B is 12 M from A and due East of A and in same level of A. Pipe line from B runs
150 Due East of South and meets pipe line from A at point C.
Draw projections and find length of pipe line from B and it¶s inclination with ground.

12m
a¶ 5
¶
1
5
Downward Gradient 1:5
1
FV TL ( answer)

N
A 12 M
B
c¶ c¶1 c¶2 E
x y
N

W

a 450 ˜
C
150

TV S

TL ( answer) = a¶ c¶2
c
DUE SOUTH -EAST
= Inclination of pipe line BC

˜
PROBLEM 18: A person o
serves two o
jects, A & B, on the ground, from a tower, 15 M
high,
At the angles of depression 300 & 450. O
ject A is is due North-West direction of o
server
and
o
ject B is due West direction. Draw projections of situation and find distance of o
jects from
o
server and from tower also.


300

450

A
S

B
W
PROBLEM 18: A person o
serves two o
jects, A & B, on the ground, from a tower, 15 M high,
At the angles of depression 300 & 450. O
ject A is is due North-West direction of o
server and
o
ject B is due West direction. Draw projections of situation and find distance of o
jects from
o
server and from tower also.
o¶
300
450

15M

a¶1 a¶
¶ 300
450

a N

W E A

o S
Answers:
Distances of o
jects
B
from o
serve W
o¶a¶1 & o¶
¶
From tower S
oa & o

PROBLEM 19:-Guy ropes of two poles fixed at 4.5m and 7.5 m a
ove ground,
are attached to a corner of a
uilding 15 M high, make 300 and 450 inclinations
with ground respectively.The poles are 10 M apart. Determine
y drawing their
projections,Length of each rope and distance of poles from
uilding.
TV

15 M

A 300

4.5 M

450

FV 10 M
7.5M
 PROBLEM 19:-Guy ropes of two poles fixed at 4.5m and 7.5 m a
ove ground,
are attached to a corner of a
uilding 15 M high, make 300 and 450 inclinations
with ground respectively.The poles are 10 M apart. Determine
y drawing their
projections,Length of each rope and distance of poles from
uilding.

c1¶ c¶ c¶2 TV

C
300

¶
a¶ 450
15M
15 M
7.5M
4.5M
300
A
4.5 M
450
12M
B
a
FV
10 M
7.5M

c
Answers:
Length of Rope BC=
¶c¶2
Length of Rope AC= a¶c¶1

Distances of poles from
uilding = ca & c

PROBLEM 20:- A tank of 4 M height is to
e strengthened
y four stay rods from each corner

y fixing their other ends to the flooring, at a point 1.2 M and 0.7 M from two adjacent walls
respectively,
as shown. Determine graphically length and angle of each rod with flooring.
TV

4M

1.2 M

0.7 M

FV
PROBLEM 20:- A tank of 4 M height is to
e strengthened
y four stay rods from each corner

y fixing their other ends to the flooring, at a point 1.2 M and 0.7 M from two adjacent walls
respectively,
as shown. Determine graphically length and angle of each rod with flooring.

FV
a¶

TV
True Length
Answers:
Length of each rod
= a¶
¶1
Angle with Hp. A
=
6
¶1
¶
4M
a
B 1.2 M

0.7 M 0.7 M

FV
1.2 M

TV
PROBLEM 21:- A horizontal wooden platform 2 M long and 1.5 M wide is supported
y four chains
from it¶s corners and chains are attached to a hook 5 M a
ove the center of the platform.
Draw projections of the o
jects and determine length of each chain along with it¶s inclination with
ground.

TV
Hook H



A C



FV
B
PROBLEM 21:- A horizontal wooden platform 2 M long and 1.5 M wide is supported
y four chains
from it¶s corners and chains are attached to a hook 5 M a
ove the center of the platform.
Draw projections of the o
jects and determine length of each chain along with it¶s inclination
with ground.
h¶

TV
H Hook
TL 5M


d¶1
x a¶d¶
¶c¶ y (GL)

d c
D
1.5 M
h
A C
a

2M 

Answers:
Length of each chain FV
= a¶d¶1 B
Angle with Hp.
=
PROBLEM 22.
A room is of size 6.5m L ,5m D,3.5m high.
An electric
ul
hangs 1m
elow the center of ceiling.
A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m a
ove the
flooring.
Draw the projections an determine real distance
etween the
ul
and
switch. Ceiling

TV

Bul

Side wall

Front wall

Switch




  
 PROBLEM 22.
A room is of size 6.5m L ,5m D,3.5m high.
An electric
ul
hangs 1m
elow the center of ceiling.
A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m a
ove the
flooring.
Draw the projections an determine real distance
etween the
ul
and
switch. 6.5m Ceiling

TV
1m
¶
¶1 Bul

Side wall
3.5m Front wall
a¶

1.5
x y Switch
a
 

  
5m

B- Bul

A-Switch
Answer :- a¶
¶1
PROBLEM 23:-
A PICTURE FRAME 2 M WIDE AND 1 M TALL IS RESTING ON HORIZONTAL WALL RAILING
MAKES 350 INCLINATION WITH WALL. IT IS ATTAACHED TO A HOOK IN THE WALL B TWO STRINGS.
THE HOOK IS 1.5 M ABOVE WALL RAILING. DETERMINE LENGTH OF EACH CHAIN AND TRUE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM

TV

350



1M

FV


Wall railing
PROBLEM 23:-
A PICTURE FRAME 2 M WIDE AND 1 M TALL IS RESTING ON HORIZONTAL WALL RAILING
MAKES 350 INCLINATION WITH WALL. IT IS ATTAACHED TO A HOOK IN THE WALL B TWO STRINGS.
THE HOOK IS 1.5 M ABOVE WALL RAILING. DETERMINE LENGTH OF EACH CHAIN AND TRUE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM

h¶
TV
(chains)

a¶
¶ 1.5M
A 350


1M B
1M

c¶d¶ (wall railing) D

FV
6
a1 ad 
C Wall railing
(frame)

(chains)
Answers:
Length of each chain= h
1

1 True angle
etween chains =

c