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v NEEM v COCONUT
v KARANJA v OLIVE
v MAHUA v PALM
v JETROPHA v PEANUT
v HONNE v CORN
v COTTONSEED v CASTOR
v SUNFLOWER v RAPESEED
v SOYBEAN v LINSEED
 


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v Cetane numbers which generally are in the range
suitable for or close to that of diesel fuel.
v Heat contents of various vegetable oils are nearly
90% that of diesel fuel.
v Long chain saturated, unbranched hydrocarbons
are especially suitable for conventional diesel
fuel. The long unbranched hydrocarbon chains in
the fatty acids meet this requirement.


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v The diesel fuel has a chain of 11-13 carbons &
fresh vegetable oil has a chain of 18. To burn in
an engine, the chain needs to be broken down to
be similar in length of the diesel.
v The high viscosity of the polyunsaturated nature
of the oils.
v Incomplete combustion but characterized by
nozzle coking, engine deposits, lube oil dilution,
ring sticking, scuffing of the cylinder liners,
injection nozzle failure & lubricant failure due to
polymerization of the vegetable oil.
v To a lesser extent, operational problems, unreliable
ignition and misfire and degraded thermal efficiently.
v Neat vegetable oils reported to cause engine
deposits.
v Both cloud and pour points of esters are significantly
higher than those for diesel fuel. These high values
may cause problems during cold weather.
v Severe carbon deposit build up & sticking of the
piston rings.
v The droplet size, low volatility, the long penetration
distances as well as chemical properties of vegetable
oils cause such problems.

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v When the engine is operated for extended periods
with vegetable oils there is severe carbon deposit
buildup and sticking of the piston rings.
v The large droplet size, low volatility, the long
penetration distance as well as chemical properties
of vegetable oils seem to cause such problems.
v Heating of fuel and blending with diesel fuel or
alcohols tend to reduce the droplet size of the spray
and improve evaporation so that this may reduce the
carbon deposit buildup and sticking of the piston
rings.
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v The viscosities of vegetable oils are
significantly higher
v Vegetable oils have lower heating values
v Vegetable oils raise the stoichiometric fuel/air
ratio due to the presence of molecular oxygen.
v Vegetable oils may experience thermal
cracking at the temperatures encountered by
the fuel spray in naturally aspirated diesel
engines.
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Transesterification is the process of using an alcohol (e.g.
methanol or ethanol) in the presence of catalyst, such as
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sodium methoxide (NaOMe) or
Potassium hydroxide (KOH), to chemically break the molecule
of the raw renewable oil into methyl or ethyl esters with
glycerol as a by product.

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CH2OOCR CH2OH
| |
CHOOCR + 3CH3OH ---------->3CH3OOCR + CHOH
| |
CH2OOCR CH2OH
Triglyceride Methanol Methyl Esters Glycerol
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1mole Triglyceride + 3 mol Methanol + Catalyst ----->
3 mol Methyl ester + 1 mol Glycerin + Catalyst.
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v Reduces the high viscosity of the oil
v Increases the volatility
v High cetane number
v No sulphur, No aromatics
v Best emission with oxidation catalysts
v High oxygen content (11%)
v Exorbitant lubricity
v Winter operability (-22·C)
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v The various reduction techniques were followed
and they are
v    /
v High viscosity is a major problem with vegetable
oils, one possible solution is to heat the oils to
reduce their viscosity or to heat the intake air to
accelerate the evaporation of the vegetable oils
in the engine.
v  | /
v Blending refers to mixing of vegetable oil with
other low viscosity fuels like Diesel, alcohol and
others and it results in the reduction of viscosity
of the blends.
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v Microemulsification is a system consisting of a liquid
dispersed in an immiscible liquid usually in droplets
larger than colloidal size. The droplet size varying from
0.01 to 0.2m are generally considered as
microemulsions.
v Microemulsification conversion requires no chemical
reaction and tends to be rapid. These are transparent
and thermodynamically stable colloidal dispersions.
v Microemulsion formation depends upon interactions
among molecules of constituents.
v Microemulsions show considerable promise for
providing low viscosity fuel blends. However, they
have low cetane number and low heating value as
compared to diesel.
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v Bio-diesel is a renewable diesel fuel substitute
that can be made by chemically combining
any natural oil or fat with an alcohol such as
methanol or ethanol in the presence of KOH
or NaOH.
 


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v Low content of free glycerin
v High degree of Transesterification
v Low acid number
v No polymers, very clean
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v Can be used in any conventional, unmodified

diesel engines
v Having higher degree of lubricate than diesel fuel,
and hence it increases the life of engines
v Bio ʹ degradable & non ʹ toxic
v High flash point makes them to store safer.
v Auto ignition, fuel consumption, power output
and engine torque are relatively unaffected by
Bio ʹ diesel.
v Clean burning fuel.
v Esters have lower viscosities than the parent oils
v improve the injection process
v better atomization of the fuel in the combustion
chamber
v Reduced exhaust emissions such as SO2, HC, CO,
CO2 and particulates
v 90% reduction in cancer risks.
v The higher cetane number of Bio-diesel
compared to petroʹdiesel indicates potential for
higher engine performances.
v The superior lubricating properties of Bio-
diesel increase the functional efficiency of the
engine.
v They contain higher amount of oxygen (up to
10%) that ensures more complete combustion
of hydrocarbons.
v The production of Bio-diesel has a net positive
energy balance (as much as 2.5:1) due to high-
energy value of ester based food stocks, and
the low energy requirements for the
conversion process.
 +
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% |
 
v USA v FRANCE
- SOYABEAN OIL
(LARGEST USER)
v EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
-RAPESEED OIL v GERMANY
- PALM OIL v SWEDEN
- COCONUT OIL v NETHERLAND
- NEEM OIL
- KARANJA
- MUSTARD OIL
- SUNFLOWER
&* ,-
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