A

Presentation
On
Power

Prepared by:
Presented to :
Gurjar Pankaj (34)
Jadav Akshay (38) Jallavi madam
Karpateswapnil(47)
Modi Dhara (59)
 Definition of Power
• Power refers to a capacity that A has to influence the
behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes.
• For example:
In our college we want to get MBA degree and only
sources to get degree is faculty who teaches that
course so he has power over the students.
• The most important aspect of power is that it is function of
dependency
• Greater the dependency relationship greater the power.
• A person can have power over you only if he controls
something that you desire.
• For Example:
You need money for doing MBA and your parents
provide finance to you so your parents have power
over you but when you have a job and earn
handsome good income then this is power is reduced.
• This relationship is necessary in an organization because
work is divided into specialized task and the organization
has limited sources with which to accomplish its goods.
 Difference between Leadership and
Power

• Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals.

Leaders achieve goals and power is a means of facilitating
their achievement. Following are the major differences
between them.
• Power does not require goal compatibility; it requires only
dependency relationship whereas leadership requires goal
compatibility.
• Leadership focuses on the downward influences on one’s
followers. Whereas power does not focuses on the
downward influence on one’s followers.
• Leadership research emphasizes style whereas power
research focuses on tactics for gaining compliance.
 Bases of power
Bases of Power

Formal Power Personal Power

Coercive power Legitimate Power Expert Power

Reward power

Referent Power
 Formal Power
• Formal power bases are derived from the power holders
position in an organization that means the person
receives these power bases because of the specific
authority he is assigned in an organization.
• There are three type of formal powers:
Coercive Power:
• The coercive power base is dependent on fear that means
the capacity to influence others through the ability to
apply punishment.
• One reacts to this power out of fear of negative results
that might occur if one failed to comply.
• For Example:
Managers have coercive power through their
authority to suspend or dismiss employees.
• Coercive power also can come from withholding key
information
• Another example is labor unions, labor union use coercive
power to influence management in collective agreement
negotiations, Such as withholding service.
• It rests on the application or threats of application of
physical sanctions such as the infliction of pain or the
controlling by force of base needs safety needs.
 Reward Power
• People comply with the wishes of another because doing so
produces positive benefits one who can distribute reward that
others view as valuable will have power over those others
• Reward can be financial or non financial. Financial such as
controlling pay rates, bonus etc. while non financial such as
promotions, friendly colleagues work assignments etc.
• Coercive power and reward power are actually counter parts
of each other. If you can remove something of positive value
from or if you can give someone something of negative value.
You have coercive power over that person and if you can give
someone something of positive value or remove something of
negative value you reward power over that person.
• For Example:
• In organization subordinated or employees have power over
their bosses
 Legitimate Power

• Position of authority include both coercive and reward

powers.
• Legitimate power is broader than the coercive and
reward power.
• It include acceptance by members in an organization of
the authority of a position.
• For Example:
• In an organization managers have a right to require
employee to perform different tasks.
 Personal Power
Personal power is the power that comes from an individual’s
own characteristics
• It is not necessary to have formal position in an
organization to have power
• Two bases of personal power:
• Expertise power
• Referent power
• Expert Power
• Expert power comes from within the person
• It is an individual’s capacity to influence others by
possessing knowledge that they want
• For example:
• Professors in a college give special knowledge to the
students that they want
• Doctors, computer specialist, tax accounts.
 Referent Power
• Influence based on possession by an individual of desirable
resources
• Referent power is typically associated with charismatic leadership
• Charisma is defined as a form of interpersonal attraction whereby
followers develop a respect for a trust in the charismatic individual
• For example:
• Amitabh bachhan have the power to influence your choice of
chocolates
• Generally the personal powers are most effective both referent and
expert power are positively related to employees satisfaction with
supervision their organizational commitment and their
performance.
• Whereas reward and legitimate power are unrelated to these
outcomes and coercive power is negatively related to employees
satisfaction and commitments
 Dependency: The key to Power
• The General Dependency Postulate

– The greater B’s dependency on A, the greater the power A

has over B.
– When you possess anything that others require but that you
alone control, you make them dependent on you and,
therefore, you gain power on them
– If something is plentiful, possession of it will not increase
your power.
– Example:
if every one is mba , mba gives no special advantage.
Similarly, among the super rich , money is no longer power. But
as old saying goes, “in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man
is king!”
 What creates dependency ?
• If you can create a monopoly by controlling information,
prestige, or anything that others crave, they become
dependent on you.

• Dependency is increased when the resources you control is

– Important

– scarce

– Nonsubstitutable.
 Importance

If nobody wants you’ve got, it's not going to create

depdency,therefore ,the things you control must be
perceived as being important. Importance is one factor
that makes people dependent on others .
For Example;
corporate sector needs administrators,so there is
impllortance of mba in the organization,organixaion is
dependent on the adminitration and mba has importance
for corporate.
 Scarcity

As noted previously, if something is plentiful,

possession of it will not increase your power. A resources
needs t be percieved as scare to create dependency,
Example:
opec countries are having large amount of
petrolioum but other countries are having small amount of
petrolium,so opec have power to change the price because
other countries are dependent on opec for petrolium.
 Nonsubstitutability

if there are fewer substitute of the

source that source holds power,& others will have to be
dependent on that source because they have no other
alternative. thus the more options available the less power
that source have.
Example:
A lawyer that has high rank among other
lawyers, that lawyer has power on his clients.
A publication has a copyright to public of a
book ,so that publication has power
 POWER TACTICS
DEFINATION:-
Ways in which individuals translate power bases
into specific action.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF
TACTIES:-

Legitimacy

Rational persuasion

Inspirational appeals
• Consultation

• Exchange

• Personal appeals

• Ingratiation

• Pressure

• Coalitions
Power in Groups: Coalitions
• • Seek
Seektotomaximize
maximizetheir
their
size
sizeto
toattain
attaininfluence.
influence.
• • Seek
Seekaabroad
broadand
anddiverse
diverse
constituency
constituencyforforsupport
support
of
oftheir
theirobjectives.
objectives.
• • Occur
Occurmore
morefrequently
frequentlyinin
organizations
organizationswith
withhigh
high
task
taskand
andresource
resource
interdependencies.
interdependencies.
• • Occur
Occurmore
morefrequently
frequentlyifif
tasks
tasksare
arestandardized
standardized
and
androutine.
routine.
 SEXUAL HARASSMENT
• The issue of sexual harassment got increasing
attention in media in the early 80’s because of the growing
ranks of female employees, especially in nontraditional
work environments.
 Definition
•Generally excepted : Unwelcome advances, requests for
sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a
sexual nature.
U.S. Supreme Court : Is defined as any unwanted activity
of a sexual nature that an individual’s employment.
In the Court’s words “the key test for determining, if
sexual harassment has occurred is whether comments or
behavior in a work environment, would reasonably be
perceived, and is perceived, as hostile or abusive.”
• But still there continues to be disagreement as to what
specifically constitutes sexual harassment.
• The Organizations have generally made considerable
progress in the past decade toward limiting overt forms of
sexual harassment.
• This includes unwanted physical touching, recurring
requests for dating
• Or threatening to lose of job if she refuses the sexual
harassment.
• Now the Question Arises how is this related to

POWER????????
UNEQUAL POWER IN THE
WORKPLACE
 The origin……
• Most studies confirm that the concept of power is
central to understanding sexual harassment.
• Mostly the harassment comes from a supervisor, a co-
worker, or even an employee.
• The supervisor-employee is the best characterizes of
an unequal power, by the use of the formal power
gives the supervisor the capacity to reward and
coerce.
 The Circumstances…
• The supervisor gives employees their assignments,
evaluate their performance, make recommendations
for salary adjustments and promotions and even they
decide the job retains or not.
• As all the employees want favorable performance
reviews, salary increases and the preference.
• Because of Power inequities, sexual harassment by
one’s boss typically creates the greatest difficulty for
those who are being harassed, especially the female
employees.
• Because the supervisor’s control over resources,
many of those who are harassed are afraid of
speaking out for fear of retaliation by the supervisor.
• The harassment also comes from the co-workers, as
the work is allotted in teams
• By the use of the traditional gender stereotypes
which reflects the negatively on the woman in power.
 At the end….
• The topic of sexual harassment is about power
• It’s about an individual threatening another
individual, which is Wrong.
• Hence the Power, influences and encourages
the sexual harassment.
• Also this topic is more or less related to the
Ethics of an individual.