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Class: BI221 Microbiology
Instructor: Dr. Elaine Vanterpool
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˜ Van Leewenhook- first observed living
microorganisms and called them ´animalculesµ from
rain water
˜ Robert Hooke- observing cork using a microscope
(small cells or boxes)
cell theory-all living things are composed of cells
˜ After Leewenhook, the thoery of spontaneous
generation came about
forms of life can arise from the non-living
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˜ Rudolf Virchow-(theory of biogenesis)
challenged the spontaneous generation and
claimed that only living things can rise to living
things
˜ Spallanzani- showed that heating a nutrient
broth after sealing did not give rise to
microorganisms and suggested that
microorganisms are in the air
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˜ Yhe causative agent of disease must be
present in all cases of disease and must be
absent from healthy animals
˜ Yhe agent of disease can be isolated from the
diseased animal and can be grown in pure
culture
˜ Yhe disease can be produced by inoculating a
portion of the pure culture into healthy animals
˜ Yhe agent of disease can be re-isolated from
infected animal
  


˜ Discovered that heating solutions enough

to kill microorganisms prevented spoilage-
termed pasteurization
˜ Joseph Lister was a surgeon that
performed the first aseptic surgery (using
phenol solution)
   
˜ Edward Jenner was a physician who discovered
that his milk maids never got smallpox (due to
cowpox infection)
˜ Performed a ´clinical trialµ on an 8 year old boy
used a cowpox infected needle and scratched
the boy·s arm
Yhe boy only got mildly ill and recovered .
Yhe boy never contracted smallpox- the newly
discovered vaccination
Immunity provided long term protection
 
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˜ Yhe host·s immune system plays a crucial role in
protection against microbial invasion and
infection.
˜ Once a particular antigen enters the host, the
host has immune cells which will identify and
destroy the foreign antigen and maintains
immunity against it.
Antigen is a substance that when introduced into the body
stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins,
bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs
˜ If re-infected with the same organism (or antigen),
the individual will be protected.
    



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˜ Paul Ehrlich discovered that salvarsan

(derivative of arsenic) was effective
against syphilis
˜ Alexander Flemming accidentally
discovered that the fungus ë

secreted an antibacterial substance that
killed bacteria- termed penicillin.
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Elaine Vanterpool Ph. D

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˜ Spirillum is
more rigid
and helical
shaped
˜ Spirochete
is more
flexible and
corkscrew
shaped
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˜Yhe cell envelope may be defined

as the cell membrane and cell
wall plus an outer membrane if
one is present


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˜ An appendage on the
bacterial cell wall that
is responsible for
attachment
˜ Pili is a type of fimbria
that is used for ´sexµ
between bacteria.
Joins bacteria to
transfer genetic
information
 
˜ Is a thin appendage arising from the surface of the
cell which is used for locomotion. It is composed of
flagellin in prokaryotes
˜ Some bacteria can have either of the four
arrangements of flagella
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritirchous

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˜ Yhe glycocalyx is usually described as the
slime layer
˜ Yhe glycocalyx is usually secreted for the
bacteria and is composed of sugar
(polysaccharides), and/or polypeptides
˜ If the glycocalyx is tightly attached to the cell
wall, it is referred to as the capsule.
˜ Yhe capsule is pathogenic and prevents
destruction by the host (resist pahgocytosis)

Lipopolysaccharide or
LPS is found on the
outer leaflet of the
outer membrane of
Gram-negative
bacteria. As the name
implies, LPS consists
of a lipid region,
termed lipid A,
covalently linked to
the polysaccharide
region
 


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˜ Passive
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

Osmotic pressure-pressure required to move water

Isotonic-equilibrium of solute concentration outside
and inside

Hypotonic-concentration of solutes outside is lower

Hypertonic-concentration of solutes outside the cell is

greater than inside
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Active transport-requires energy
  

˜ rucleoid-primitive nucleus (lacks membranes)
˜ Ribosomes- protein synthesis (70s for bacteria; 80s for
eukaryotes); can be inhibited by antibiotics
˜ Inclusion bodies
Metachromatic granules- inorganic phosphate
Polysaccharide granules- consists of glycogen and starch
Lipid inclusions- storage of poly-ơ-hydroxybutyric acid
Sulfur granules- sulfur granules
Carboxysomes- inclusions of ribulose 1,5 diphosphate (nitrifying
bacteria)
Gas vacuoles- gases (usually aquatic organisms)
Magnetasomes- contains iron oxide
 

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˜ Lysozymes-contain digestive enzymes

˜ Chloroplast-in plants and contains chlorophyll
to carry out photosynthesis
˜ Centrosome-plays a role in cell division

˜ Perioxisomes-similar to lyzosomes; contains

oxidizing enzymes
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˜ Metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions

within living organisms

˜ Catabolism-the breakdown of complex organic

compounds into simpler ones

˜ Anabolism- the building of complex organic

molecules from simpler ones
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˜ Yemperature
˜ pH

˜ Substrate concentration

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˜ rAD+-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
˜ rADP+- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
˜ FAD- flavin adenine dinucletide
˜ FMr- flavin mononucleotide
˜ CoA- plays a role in the synthesis and breakdown of
fats

Most are electron carriers of the electron transport

system


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˜ Competitive- fills the active site and prevents
the interaction of the substrate
˜ ron-competitive- does not compete with the
active site of the substrate
˜ Allosteric-when the inhibitor binds to another
site other than the substrate binding site
˜ Feedback inhibition- regulation by the end
product of the reaction (or pathway)
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˜ Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate
group to a chemical compound
˜ Substrate-level phosphorylation- generation of
AYP by the transfer of a high energy phosphate
to ADP
˜ Oxidative phoshorylation- Yhe synthesis of AYP
coupled with electron transport
˜ Photophosphorylation- Yhe production of AYP in
a series of redox reactions (usually the electrons
from the chlorophyll starts the reaction)
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˜ A decomposition reaction of the break down of

carbohydrates into simple components.
Glycolysis- oxidation of glucose into pyruvic acid (net gain
of 2 AYP and 2 rADH) Kreb cycle-oxidation of acetyl to
CO2 to gain 2 AYP, 6 rADH, 2 FADH2
Electron transport system- rADH and FADH2 are
oxidized;oxidation-reduction reactions results in the
generation of AYP.

= 36-38 AYP Yotal

 
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˜ Yhe pentose-phosphate pathway-used to

metabolize five carbon sugars, yielding 1
AYP and 12 rADPH
˜ Yhe Entner-Doudoroff pathway- results in
1 AYP and 2 rADPH
 



˜ Anaerobic respiration-fermentation
(without the use of oxygen)
˜ Aerobic respiration-requires oxygen (final
acceptor)
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˜ Does not require

oxygen
˜ Does not use Krebs
˜ Releases energy from
sugar, and other
organic molecules
˜ Produces only small
amounts of AYP




˜ Lactic Acid- glucose is

oxidized into two
pyruvic acids, which is
used to form two AYP
molecules
˜ Alcohol-instead of
lactic acid, the end
product is
acetylaldehyde to form
two molecules of
ethanol


   
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˜ Light-independent
(Calvin-Benson Cycle)
˜ Light-dependent
(photophosphorylation)
Cyclic
photophosphorylation
ron-cyclic
photophosphorylation

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˜ Photoautotroph-use light as the main source of
energy and uses carbon dioxide as the main source
of carbon
˜ Photoheterotrophs- uses light as a source of
energy, but cannot convert CO2 to sugar; they use
other organic material
˜ Chemoautotrophs- uses electrons from reduced
inorganic compound as source of energy (also uses
CO2)
˜ Chemoheterotrophs- uses electrons from hydrogen
atom as source

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