Wei-Jen Lee (S’85-M’85-SM’97-F’07) received the B.S. and M.S.

degrees from National

Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., and the Ph.D. degree from the University of
Texas, Arlington, in 1978, 1980, and 1985, respectively, all in Electrical Engineering. In
1985, he joined the University of Texas at Arlington, where he is currently a professor of
Electrical Engineering and director of the Energy Systems Research Center.

Prof. Lee has been involved in the revision of IEEE Std. 141, 339, 551, and 739. He is the
Secretary of the IEEE/IAS, Industrial & Commercial Power Systems Department (ICPSD),
the Committee Chairman of the Energy Systems Committee at ICPSD, and the associate
editor of IEEE/IAS. Currently, he is the project manager of the IEEE/NFPA collaboration
on Arc Flash Phenomena Research Project.

Prof. Lee has been involved in research on renewable energy, power flow, transient and
dynamic stability, voltage stability, short circuits, relay coordination, power quality
analysis, demand response, utility deregulation, and on-line equipment protection,
monitoring and control systems. He has served as the primary investigator (PI) or Co-PI of
more than 70 funded research projects He has published more than 160 journal papers
conference proceedings. He has provided on-site training courses for power engineers in
Panama, China, Taiwan, Korea, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Singapore. He has refereed
numerous technical papers for the IEEE, the IEE and other professional organizations.

Prof. Lee is a Fellow of IEEE and a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Texas.
Wind Generation: A Prominent
Form of Renewable Energy

Wei-Jen Lee, Ph.D., PE

Director and Professor
Energy Systems Research Center
The University of Texas at Arlington

February 4, 2009
 Humanity’s Top Ten
Problems for next 50 years
1. Energy
2. Water
3. Food
4. Environment
5. Poverty
6. Terrorism & War
7. Disease
8. Education
9. Democracy 2003: 6.3 Billion people
2050: 9-10 Billion people
10. Population
Source: Nobel laureate, Richard Smalley
 Introduction
 Though the oil price has dropped recently, the
concerns on limited resources of fossil fuel and global
warming remain the same. Renewable energy is a hot
issue in today competitive market.
 Solar, wind and hydrogen are among blistering
subjects in the last few decades.
 Wind powered generation is one of the most mature
and cost effective resources among different
renewable energy technologies.
 World wind energy capacity has expanded at an
annual rate of 25% since the 1990s.
 People Want Renewable Energy!
Total Installed Wind Capacity
95000
90000
85000
80000
75000
1. Germany: 22247 MW
70000 2. United States: 16971 MW
65000
60000 3. Spain: 15145 MW
Capacity (MW)

55000
50000
4. India: 7844 MW
45000
40000
5. China: 5906 MW
35000
30000
25000 World total April 2008: 93,881 MW
20000
15000
10000
5000
0

82 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008
19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

United States Europe Rest of World

Source: Windpower Monthly
Wind Map
US 1999 Installed Wind Power
Capacity (MW)
 US 2008 Installed Wind Power
Capacity (MW)

TOTAL INSTALLED U.S. WIND ENERGY CAPACITY: 13,885 MW as of October 15, 2008
Source: AWEA
 Top 10 Installed Wind Power
Capacities (2007)
State Existing Under Construction Rank (Existing)
Texas 5,316.65 1,997.10 1
California 2,483.83 290.00 2
Minnesota 1,299.75 46.40 3
Iowa 1,294.78 549.10 4
Washington 1,195.38 94.00 5
Colorado 1,066.75 0.00 6
1 2 Oregon
3 4 5 887.79 201.60 7
Illinois 735.66 171.00 8
Oklahoma 689.00 0.00 9
New Mexico 495.98 0.00 10
 Largest Wind Farms in U.S.

Largest Wind Farms in U.S. (all U.S. wind farms >= 200 MW) as of end of August 10, 2007
Project Name State Capacity Year Online Owner
Horse Hollow TX 736 2005/2006 FPL Energy
2003, 2005, Babcock & Brown,
Sweetwater TX 505 2007 Catamount
Buffalo Gap TX 353 2005, 2007 AES
Maple Ridge NY 322 2005/2006 PPM Energy/Horizon
Stateline OR/WA 300 2001/2002 FPL Energy
1
King
2 3 Mountain
4 5 TX 281 2001, 2003 FPL Energy
Wild Horse WA 229 2006 Puget Sound Energy
New Mexico Wind Energy
Center NM 204 2003 FPL Energy
Big Horn WA 200 2006 PPM Energy
US 2030 Estimated Installed Wind
Power Capacity
 Wind Energy in Texas
 Texas “Renewable Portfolio Standard” mandating
2,000 MW of electricity generation from renewable
resources by 2009 (Senate Bill 7, 1999).
 If fully explored, wind power could provide enough
power for the whole state.
 Wind Energy in Texas
 In July 2006, Texas exceeded California and became
Number One in the US in terms of wind generation
installation.
 To promote renewable energy, ERCOT has identified
25 preliminary areas of interest for Competitive
Renewable Energy Zone (CREZ) and proposed
infrastructure improvement plans to support power
delivery from those areas to the load centers.
 This development will have significant impact on the
reduction of the green house gas (GHS) emissions.
Presently, the total installed wind generation in Texas
exceeds 6,000MW with more than 20,000MW in the
interconnection queue.
 Wind Energy in Texas
 CREZ MAP
Wind turbine basic components
 Generator Model
Gear
box

Squirrel cage
Squirrel-cage
Rotor
induction
generator Capacitor bank
Induction Generator

Doubly-fed
induction

Gear
generator
Doubly-fed
box

Rotor Voltage
Induction Generator
source
converter

Voltage
source
converter Synchronous
Rotor
Direct drive
synchronous Generator
generator
 Wind Generation Technologies
 Wind Generation Unit Size
Wind Power Economics
 Can you
see the man?

Source: Dr. James Liao, WFEC

B
E
L O
E R
I
V N
E O
T
I !
T Source: Dr. James Liao, WFEC
 Power in the Wind

The power in the wind is proportional

to
v
 The cube of wind speed
A
(proportional to installation height)

 Size of the rotor (swept area)
 The air density
(affected by temperature and altitude)

Pwind  v    Av   v    Av 3 

Note : The standard air 1 density2 is 1.2256
1
kg/m3 2 2
 Usable Wind Power
 Wind turbine is designed to produce maximum output
at a certain wind speed, normally around 33 mph [15
m/s].
 Betz’s law : 59% maximum limitation of the energy
can be extracted from the wind.
 Real operation : Turbine mechanics, blade design,
type of rotor, friction loss, etc. affect the performance
of the generation output.
Pturbine  v   C p  Pwind  v 
1
 C p Av 3
2
  Cp is called Power Coefficient
 Power Curve (Theoretical)

Power & Power coefficient curve for NM72 IEC I

2000 1

1800 0.9

1600 0.8 Cut-out

Power
1400 Rated 0.7

1200 0.6
Power [kW]

Cp
1000 0.5

800 0.4

600 0.3

400 Power Coefficient 0.2

200 0.1

0 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Wind speed [mph]
Cut-in
 Power Curve (Actual)

 Direct transformation
(Turbine power curve)
cannot provide good
forecast accuracy due to
 Wind speed varies at different
heights.
 Flow of wind is not
horizontally uniform.
 Wind speed varies at different
locations.
 Wind Speed Estimation
 The roughness of the surface will affect the wind speed
at different heights.
 General speaking, we can use the following equation to
estimate the wind speed at the height of wind turbine:
 z   zr 
V  z   V  z r   ln  / ln 
 z0   z0 
where
where
V(z): Wind Speed at Height z
V(zr): Actual Wind Speed at Height zr
z0: The Roughness of the Surface
Source: J.F. Manwell, J.G. McGowan, and A.L.Rogers, “Wind energy explained,”
John Wiley & Sons, 2002
 Roughness Length of Landscape
Landscape Type Roughness length (mm)
Very smooth, ice or mud 0.01
Calm open sea 0.20
Blown sea 0.50
Snow surface 3.00
Lawn grass 8.00
Rough pasture 10.00
Fallow field 30.00
Crops 50.00
Few trees 100.00
Many trees, hedges, few buildings 250.00
Forest and woodlands 500.00
Suburbs 1500.00
Centers of cities with tall buildings 3000.00
 Wind Turbine Characteristics
 Availability – a measure of the time a
generating unit is capable of providing service.
(operation hours/clock hours)

 Capacity factor – the ratio of the total energy

generated for a specified period to the
maximum total energy that could have been
generated if operated at maximum capacity for
the same period (It is required at least 28% to
be economics)
 Wind Power Pros
 Plentiful
 Clean energy, no thermal discharge
 Technology is well-developed, fast erection
 Cost competitive, as low as 3 to 5 cents/kWh
 Support economy, create jobs
 Federal and state tax credit (Incentive for the investors)
 Wind Power Cons
 Variation in power production
 Require infrastructure upgrade for power delivery
 Produce relatively small power outputs
 Reactive compensation for induction generator
 Capital investment
Wind Power’s Natural Characteristics
and Related Researches
 Remote: Wind resources is often distant from load sites.
 Variable: Plant output varies with variations of the wind.
 New: Operators are more comfortable with established
power technologies.
Power (KWatt)
1800

1600
1400
1200

1000
800
600
400

200
0
0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
 Non Coincident Peak
 Wind Generation in Texas

Source: ERCOT
Unit Commitment Scheduling
 Market clearing price for energy and total wind
generation on February 22, 2005
Price (All zones) ($)
200 600

Price (All zones)

Wind Generation
Wind Generation (MW)

100 400

0 200

-100 0
0 5 10 15 20

Hour
 Price Dips
 Market clearing price for energy (MCPE) and total
wind generation on April 27, 2007.

MCPE-April 27, 2007

$200.00
$0.00
-$200.00 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96
US$/MWH

-$400.00
MCPE
-$600.00
-$800.00
-$1,000.00
-$1,200.00
MCPE for Every 15 Minutes (0:15 - 24:00)
Variability Increases Operating Costs
 Committing unneeded generation
 Scheduling unneeded generation
 Allocating extra load-following
capability
 Violation of system performance
criteria (For example, spinning reserve)
 Requirement of reactive power supply
for induction-type generator
 These will increase the Ancillary
Service Costs
 Voltage Fluctuation
Buses % Real Power deliver by wind Generator
100% 75% 50% 25%
IG operate at 0.85 leading PF, Fix Qc=70.5 MVAR
(Unity PF at 100% of real power)
XX000 1.0219 1.0407 1.0544 1.0651
XX004 0.9944 1.0391 1.0742 1.1043
XX121 1.0177 1.0311 1.0407 1.0480
XX122 1.0278 1.0397 1.0481 1.0543
XX001 1.0228 1.0361 1.0457 1.0529

Case with Qc=90 MVAR, 0.98 pf lagging

XX000 1.0444 1.0620 1.0751 1.0853
XX004 1.0456 1.0883 1.1223 1.1516
XX121 1.0335 1.0460 1.0552 1.0621
XX122 1.0425 1.0536 1.0615 1.0674
XX001 1.0392 1.0518 1.0609 1.0677
 Voltage Ride-Through Capability
 Possible threat when fixed capacitor is installed at the
terminal of induction generator for power factor
correction. (0.95 leading power factor at rated output)
 Harvest Wind Capacity
10 minute ahead forecasting
80
Actual Wind Generation
70 Estimated Wind Generation

60
Power Output [MW]

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Hour

Wind Generation is Uncertain, Forecast error distribution can be

used for wind generation dependable capacity analysis
 Forecasted Dependable Wind
Capacity for Unit Commitment
Scheduling
80.00

70.00

60.00
Wind Power [MW]

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

17
1

11

13

15

19

21

23
Hour

Forecast 90% confidence 95% confidence 99% confidence

 Combining Wind Generation
and Energy Storage
Power 5/28/2006

1.5

0.5

0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141
Power w/ Storage Time (10 minutes)
Power w/o Storage
 Combining Wind Generation
and Energy Storage
Power 1/29/2007

1.5

0.5

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Power w/ Storage Time ( hours )
Power w/o Storage
On-Line Real Time Health Monitoring
for Wind Generation

Source: www.chinatimes.com
謝謝！