MAYANK MITTAL

NEERAJ BHATT

NETWORK OPERATIONS
TTSL
 Agenda

 Introduction
 Services Offered
 Brief History
 What is CDMA
 CDMA 1 x Network Architecture
 Basic Call Flow
 CDMA Advantages
 CDMA Services
 EVDO Overview
 3G
 4G
 Introduction

 TTSL Incorporated in 1996

 First launced CDMA Mobile Services in Andhra Pradesh

 Brand Name is Tata Indicom

 Operates CDMA 3G 1x Mobile Services in 20 Circles

 Services

 TATA Indicom CDMA Mobile ( Voice & Data )

 Fixed Wireless Terminal ( For Limited Mobility )

 Vo-Data Card & USB Modem for Laptop & PCs for
Highspeed Internet connectivity

 Pay Telephone Booth & CCB ( PCO )

 Fixed Wireline Phone Connection with Broadband

 ISDN Connections to Customer & Corporates

 A Brief History

 Mobile telephony started with the need for

communication, to a person on the move

 The initial versions of Mobile phones worked

on analog technology (1G).

 They worked on wide area broadcast principle

similar to a Radio or TV system

 Each Transmitter site covered large areas

 No hand-offs between two sites

 A Brief History

 Owing to the capacity limitation of such a mobile system

 The Cell concept was introduced

 The Cell allowed re-use of frequency spectrum.

 This also warranted for the call hand-offs between cells

 Multiple Access Technologies?

 FDMA – (example : Analog )

Frequency Division Multiple Access
 each user has a private frequency

 TDMA – ( example: GSM )

Time Division Multiple Access
 each user has private time and private
frequency

 CDMA – ( example : IS 95 , 1 x )
Code Division Multiple Access
 users co-mingle in time and frequency
but each user has a private code
 What is CDMA?

 Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a wireless cellular

technology

 Developed originally by Qualcomm

 CDMA was adopted by the Telecommunications Industry

Association (TIA) in 1993

 Uses the principle of spread spectrum communication

 What is CDMA?

 Spread Spectrum technology, spreads the information contained

in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth
than the original signal.

 All users share the same bandwidth

 Users separated by a unique Walsh code which are orthogonal

& not a timeslot or frequency

 Each user is spread in the frequency domain

 At the Receiver end users are de-spread using their own unique
code.
 Spectrum Requirement

CDMA Carrier Bandwidth = 1.23 MHz

Guard Band = 0.27 MHz on either side

CDMA Channel Band:

- Forward Link - 869 – 894 MHz
- Reverse Link - 824 – 849 MHz
Frequency Calculations:

Transmitter Channel No. Frequency

Mobile 1<=N<=866 .03N + 825 MHz
Cell Site 1<=N<=866 .03N + 870 MHz
 Cdma Network Architechture

PSTN IN SMSC

BTS
1X
Air-IF

BSC IS-41C HLR/

BTS MSC AuC
Mobile
Station

BTS PDSN

PLMN VMS Other

PLMN MSC
Internet
 CDMA 1X Network Architechure
 The cdma 1X system primarily consists of following basic
network -

 Core Switching Network

 Radio Access Network

 Packet Core Network

 Adjuncts

 Transmission Network
 Core Switching Network ( CSN )
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
 Provides all of switching and signaling functions
 Establishes call from and to MS within a service area as well as
different service areas.

 Visitor Location Register (VLR)

 The VLR contains the information (Users profile, Users location
information etc) of subscribers who are attached to the
system which helps to make correct routing of (terminating) calls

 Home Location Register (HLR/AuC)

 Database that stores and manages subscribers’ profiles.
 Contains Electronic Serial Number (ESN), Mobile Identification
Number (MIN) etc. and the restrictions for call making eligibility
 AuC handles subscriber authentication and encryption functions
for security purposes and interworks with MSC through HLR.
 Radio Access Network

 BSC ( Base Station Controller)

 All radio resources are primarily managed by the BSC.

 Handles connections to Mobile Stations including hand-off.
 It is connected with MSC for providing services to MS
(Mobile Station) through BTS.
 Also connected to the PDSN to provide packet data services
to the MS.
 Performs vocoding of the voice signal
 Routes calls to the MSC.
 Handles call control processes
 Traffic Handler, Power Control, Frame selection/distribution
 Radio Access Network
 BTS ( Base Transceiver Station)
 Provides transmission and reception of radio communication for
interfacing with the MS Provide the radio connection between
mobile users and the switch
 Connected with Base Station Controller for providing services
to the MS.
 Performs the CDMA processing of all signals including power
 control and handoffs
 BTS allocates radio resources
 Consists of 3 Sectors

 MS ( Mobile Station)
 MS is the wireless terminal used by subscribers to access the CDMA
network over a radio interface.
 The MS includes portable units, packet data access units, and units
installed in vehicles, and fixed Terminals.
 Packet Core Network(PCN)

 PDSN (Packet Data Service node)

 PDSN provides mobile communication subscribers with packet data
service through interface with Internet network and PSPDN network .

 AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting)

 It contains subscriber packet –data – provisioning information and
is used to authenticate and determine the parameters of a
subscriber’s packet data session.
 AAA also generates “Billing Records (UDRs - - - Usage Data
Records)” for packet data usage.

 HA - FA ( Home Agent - Foreign Agent)

 The FA is the critical entity in the PCN, which makes mobility
services available in the network.
 Adjuncts

 Adjunct systems provide value-added services to the

subscribers of the the network.

 Short Message Service Center (SMSC)

 SMSC is responsible for the relaying, storing and forwarding of shor

messages between the mobile station and other networks.

 Voice Mailing System (VMS)

 The VMS provides facilities to callers for recording voice messages

for retrieval later by the CDMA subscribers.
 Adjuncts Cont …
 Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

 OMC performs operation and maintenance functions for all

elements in the network.

 Customer Care and Billing System (CCBS)

 CCBS collects and processes the charging data and manages
call information.

 WIN( Wireless Intelligent Network)

 Supports various features/services like prepaid, VPN, Free phone

etc.

 OTAF ( Over The Air Function)

 The OTAF is an entity that interfaces to the Customer Care to suppor

service-provisioning activities.
 Transmission Network
 Transmission Network provides physical connectivity between different Network
Elements. It provides the physical media through which the data flows between
two elements in a Network.

 Types of Transmission Systems

 Copper Wire
 Copper pair is used to connect two communication elements
through Modems (BTS- Tx system , Switch to POI )

 Optical Fibre Communication System

 Optical Fibre is used as a media between two network elements to carry high
bandwidth data upto 10 Gbps.
 PDH optical Transmission System
 SDH optical Transmission System ( Data rates from STM- 1 TO STM – 64 )
 DWDM

 Microwave Communication System

 Microwaves between 1 GHz to 30 GHz is used to connect two Elements.
 PDH Microwave Radios & SDH Microwave Radios
 Forward Link
Pilot Channel (F-PICH)- W0
Provide a reference signal for all MSs that provides the phase
reference for Coherent demodulation
Used for Soft handoff trigger

Sync Channel (SYNC)-W32

Provides System Time and Network ID’s

Paging Channel(s) (F-PCH)- W1

Pages the MS in case of an incoming call, or to carry the control
messages for call set up
Uses W1-W7
Fundamental Channels (F-FCH)- W8-W63
Support Voice and Low Bit Rate Data, Control, and Signaling
 Supplementary Channel (F-SCH)
Support High Bit Rate Data upto 153.6 Kbps
 Reverse Link

Access Channel
 Used to originate call requests or respond to page
messages received from the base stations.

Pilot Channel (R-PICH)

Provides Phase Reference to the BTS for Coherent
Demodulation
Fast Power Control for BTS Transmit

Fundamental Channel (R-FCH)

 Support Voice and Low Bit Rate Data, Control, and
Signalling

Supplementary Channel (R-SCH)

 Support High Bit Rate Data for upto 153.6 Kbps
 Types of Handoff in CDMA
Handoffs happens when Mobile moves between the cells while the
mobile is in traffic or idle to avoid call drop

Soft Hand-off – Make before break

The mobile communicates with multiple BTSs during the hand-off

Softer Hand-off – Make before Make

Hand-off between two sectors in the same cell

The mobile communicates with two sectors during the hand-off

 Hard Hand-off – Break before Make

CDMA to CDMA on different frequencies

CDMA to CDMA on different bands
CDMA to analog (AMPS)
 Inter System Handoff
 Location Updation
 Is required to deliver the incoming calls to the Mobile

 The MS sends a location update request to the VLR via BTS-

BSC and MSC.

 The VLR send a location update message to HLR

 The service and security data for the Mobile is downloaded to the
VLR from HLR

 The Mobile is sent an Ack of successful location update

 Mobile Call origination

 The Mobile sends the dialed number on the access channel via
BSS to MSC.

 The MSC checks from the VLR for the requested service

 MSC ask the BSS to allocate radio resources for the call

 The BSS allocates a radio channel and sends the assignment

message to the MS via paging

 The BSS connects the Radio TCH to the assigned ckt to the
MSC

 The MSC routes the call to the destination PSTN Exchange

 The Exchange rings the called terminal

 Ring back signal is routed to the MS from the MSC and

completes the speech path on the traffic channel
 Mobile Call Termination

 The PSTN user dials to the Mobile number

 The PSTN exchange routes the call to the MSC

 The MSC checks from the HLR for the current location and
services of the Mobile

 The MSC pages the MS via the BSS .

 The MS responds to the page and sets up the signalling links

 The BSS allocates the radio resources

 The MSC is informed and the call is delivered to the MS

 The MS answers the call and the speech path is through

 Advantages
 Outstanding Voice and Call Quality

 CDMA filters out background noise, cross-talk, and interference so you

can enjoy crystal-clear voice quality, greater privacy, and enhanced call
quality.
 The rake receiver reduces errors
 QUALCOMM's CDMA variable rate vocoder reduces the amount of data
transmitted per person, reducing interference.
 The soft handoff also reduces power requirements and interference.
 Power control reduces errors by keeping power at an optimal level.

Cell A Cell B
 Advantages Cont…
 Greatest Coverage for Lower Cost

 CDMA's spread spectrum signal provides the greatest coverage in the

wireless industry, allowing networks to be built with far fewer cell
sites than is possible with other wireless technologies.

 Fewer cell sites translates to reduced operating expenses, which

results in savings to both operators and consumers.

 CDMA's features result in coverage that is between 1.7 and 3 times

that of TDMA

 Power control helps the network dynamically expand the coverage

area.

 Packet Data
 CDMA networks are built with standard IP packet data protocols.
Standard cdmaOne phones already have TCP/IP and PPP protocols
built into them.
 High Data Rates upto 307 Kbps in CDMA 1X
 Advantages Cont…
 Longer Talk Time, Longer Battery Life

 CDMA uses power control to monitor the amount of power system and handset need
at any time.
 CDMA handsets transmit at the lowest power levels in the industry.
 Thus allowing for longer battery life which results in longer talk time and standby time.

 Simplified frequency reuse

 Each BTS in a CDMA network can use all available frequencies.

 Adjacent cells can transmit at the same frequency because users are separated by
code channels, not frequency channels.
 This feature of CDMA, called "frequency reuse of one," eliminates the need for
frequency planning

 Fewer Dropped Calls

 CDMA's patented "soft handoff," method of passing calls between cells sharply
reduces the risk of dropped calls during a handoff.

 Improved Security and Privacy

 CDMA's digitally encoded, spread spectrum transmissions resist eaves dropping.
 Advantages Cont…
 Greater Capacity

 CDMA allows the largest number of subscribers to share the same

radio frequencies, helping service providers increase their profitability.

 CDMA uses spread spectrum technology which can provide up to 10-20

times the capacity of analog equipment and more than three times the
capacity of other digital platforms.

Reasons for this include:

 CDMA's universal frequency reuse

 Users are separated by code channels, not frequency channels.

 Power control minimizes interference, resulting in maximized capacity.

 CDMA's soft handoff also helps increase capacity. This is because a soft
handoff requires less power.
 Advantages Cont…
 Reduced Background Noise and Interference

 CDMA combines multiple signals and improves signal strength. This leads to the
near elimination of interference and fading.

 Rapid Deployment

 Due to Higher Capacity they require fewer cell sites, CDMA networks can be deployed
faster than other types of wireless networks.

 Wide Product Selection

 QUALCOMM has licensed CDMA technology to over 75 leading communications

manufacturers worldwide, enabling service providers and customers to choose from
a wide range of highly advanced, cost-competitive, CDMA-based products.
Gujarat Network

Ahmedabad

Baroda
Rajkot

Surat
 Planning
 Switch & RAN planning
 Network Design Engineering of Core Switching
& RAN Network elements
 POI Planning
 New features deployment
 Budgeting & CAPEX approval
 Plan network changes for Optimisation
 Regulatory compliance

 RF Planning
 Coverage / Capacity site selection
 RF Optimization
 Planning for in-building solution

 Transmission Planning
 Backbone & Access Planning
 BOQ, costing & capex finalisation
 Project Implementation

Project Planning

BoM finalization & Ordering

LC opening/ Import of Eqpts

Infra Ordering & Construction

Site RFI & RFS

Timely implementation of NW Rollout

Resolution of Project issues

Optimum utilization of NW equipment

 Network Operations
 Operation & Maintenance of all the Elements in a Network
i.e MSCs, BSCs, BTSs, Transmission Systems, Powerplant,
etc is done by the Network Operations Team

Responsible for

Network Up Time

Quality of Service ( Key Performance Indicators )

Capacity Upgradation

Revenue Exposure
 KPIs- Key Performance Indicators

KPI Parameter Benchmark TTSL Gujarat

Network Availability 99.90% 99.98

Call Setup time < 7 sec 4 Sec

Access failure Rate < 2% 1.18

Call Drop rate < 2% 0.38

Paging Success Rate 85% 92.3

Call Setup Succ rate >96 % 98.82

Traffic Channel congestion < 2% 0

 Network Operations
Mainly consists of -

Field Team –
Ensures Network Availability
Fault Rectification
Preventive Maintenence
Project Roll Out
RF optimization

Operation & Maintenance Centre (OMC )- 24*7

Regional OMC of Gujarat in Ahmedabad
Network Alarm Monitoring
Fault Escalation & resolution
Database Configuraton changes
Performance Monitoring and Analysis
Capacity Upgradation
Customer Complaints Resolution
 BTS Site
BTS Shelter
BTS Equipment
Transmission Equipment ( Radios / Muxes )
Rectifiers
Battery Bank
ACs

DG

TOWER
RF cables
Microwave Antennas
BTS Sector Antennas
Aviation Lamp
Lightening Arrestor
 Town Connectivity

Fibre towards
MSC & BSC M/W link

E
B
Q
T
U
S
I
E P
B
Q
T
U
S
I
P BTS Shelter 2

BTS Shelter 1
BTS Shelter 2
PCM Cable
Fibre towards BSNL
Other City
BTS Shelter 1 EXCHANGE
BTS Shelter 3
CDMA surpasses 373 Million Global Subscribers
3G - CDMA2000 Subscriber Growth History:
December 2001 through December 2006
 Total Number of 3G - CDMA2000 Subscribers

(includes CDMA2000 1X & 1xEV-DO)

01-Dec 02-Dec 03-Dec 04-Dec 05-Dec 06-Dec

3,650,000 33,121,000 85,410,000 146,800,000 225,100,000 325,050,000

Number of CDMA Subscribers by Region

(includes cdmaOne, CDMA2000 1X & 1xEV-DO)

Europe,
North Caribbean & Middle
Americ Latin East &
  Asia-Pacific a America Africa Total

06-Dec 170,025,000 123,380,000 71,600,000 8,498,000 373,503,000

 EV-DO
Evolution Data Optimized
 What is EV-DO ?
“Evolution, Data Only” or “Evolution, Data Optimized”

 EVDO, also known as EV-DO, 1xEvDO and 1xEV- DO

 It is a CDMA standard for high speed wireless

broadband.

 Data rates: up to 2.45Mbps downlink, 153.6Kbps uplink

 Natural evolution from IS-95, IS-2000

 EV-DO needs 1.25MHz spectrum for 2.45 Mbps

 Higher rate in forward link

 Uses time-division multiplexing

 CDMA Network Migration Beyond 2G
1xEV-DO

CDMA 2G CDMA2000 1X
IS-95A 1xEV-DV
Download Rates (Peak) 9.6 - 153.6 Kbps 38.4 - 2450 Kbps 9.6 - 3100 Kbps

Subscriber Usage Messaging Services via Wireless Internet, Wireless Internet,

CDMA2000 SMS, EMS, Streaming Audio/Video, Streaming Audio/Video,
MMS Messaging Services via Real-Time Video, Voice
IP Network Over IP, Messaging
Services via CDMA2000
SMS, EMS, MMS and/or
IP Network
Sector Throughput Packet Data (throughput 3 times 1X capacity 5 times 1X capacity
of 200 kbps) (throughput of 600 Kbps) (throughput of 1 Mbps)

Value Proposition 1.5-2 times voice Delivering high data Overlay option with 1X,
capacity, increased download speeds + backward compatible with
coverage, introduction capacity IS-95/1X, voice and data
of packet data services,   in a single carrier,
backward compatible simultaneous voice and
with IS-95A/B data
3G - CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Subscriber Growth History:
December 2002 through December 2006

02-Dec 03-Dec 04-Dec 05-Dec 06-Dec

174,000 4,382,000 12,088,000 24,424,000 55,072,000

3G Overview
 Why 3G?
 Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!

 For the consumer

 Video streaming, TV broadcast

 Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports
 Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…
 For business

 High speed teleworking / VPN access

 Sales force automation
 Video conferencing
 Real-time financial information
 3G services
CDMA (1xEV-DO)

USA ( Verizon ,Sprint.Alltel

Korea: SKT, KTF
Japan: AU (KDDI)
Australia(Telstra)
Brazil(Vivo)
Canada(Bell Mobility )
China( China Unicom)
Russia .. etc

WCDMA / UMTS

Japan ( NTT DoCoMo , Vodafone KK)

Australia ( 3 Hutchinson )
Hong Kong ( 3 Hutchinson )
New Zealand
Europe ( Vodaphone )
 Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G
- drivers are capacity, data speeds, lower cost of delivery for
revenue growth

TDMA
TDMA EDGE
EDGE
EDGE
EDGE Evolution
Evolution
3GPP Core
GSM
GSM GPRS
GPRS Network

WCDMA
WCDMA HSDPA
HSDPA
PDC
PDC

CDMA2000
CDMA2000
1xEV/DV
1x EV/DV
cdmaOne
cdmaOne CDMA2000
CDMA2000
1x CDMA2000
CDMA2000
1x
1xEV/DO
1x EV/DO

2G First Step into 3G 3G phase 1 Evolved 3G

 3 G Vendors
 Nokia-Siemens
 Ericsson
 Hyundai
 LG Electronics
 Motorola
 Samsung
 Lucent- Alcatel
 Nortel
 FUJITSU
 ZTE
 Huwai
 4G
Fourth generation mobile communications systems that are characterized
by high-speed data rates at 20 to 100 Mbps, suitable for high-resolution
movies and television. Initial deployments are anticipated in 2007-2010.

Also known as ‘Mobile Broadband everywhere’

‘MAGIC’
Mobile Multimedia Communication
• Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone
• Global Mobility Support
• Integrated Wireless Solution
• Customized Personal Service
According to 4G Mobile Forum, by 2008 over $400 billion would be
invested in 4G mobile projects.
In India, communication Minister Mr. Dayanidhi Maran, has announced a
national centre of excellence to work in 4G arena.
 4G: Data Rate Facts

•Transmission at 20 to 100 Mbps

•2000 times faster than mobile data rates

•10 times faster than top transmission rates planned in final build
out of 3G broadband mobile

•10-20 times faster than standard ADSL services.

•Companies developing 4G technology

Cellular phone companies: Alcatel, Nortel, Motorola,
IT Companies: Hughes,HP,LG Electronics
Performance evolution of cellular technologies