TOOTH

TOOTH COLOURED
COLOURED
RESTORATIVE
RESTORATIVE
MATERIALS
MATERIALS
GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS
&
COMPOSITES
By
Afeefa c
Roll no;2
• RESTORATION
• Filling material or prosthesis used to restore or replace a tooth, a
portion of tooth ,multiple teeth, or other oral tissues

• Requirement of ideal restorative materials

• Esthetic
• Maintenance of physical strength of crown
• Preserving anatomy of occlusal surface thus preventing inter
relation ship with opposing and adjacent tooth
long term adhesion between restoration and tooth to ensure
complete isolation
 GLASS IONOMER
CEMENT
DEFINITION
An aqueous based material that hardens following acid based
reaction between fluro alumino silicate glass powder and
poly acrylic acid solution
• HISTORY
– It was developed byWILSON and KENT in the early 1970s
– The design of earliest glass ionomer cement was hybrid
formulation of silicate and poly carboxylate cement
– Earliest commercial product-Acronym for hybrid formulation –
Alumino silicate poly acrylic acid(ASPA)
– The original poly acrylic acid in the liquid component was modified
by copolymerisation with Itaconic acid,maliec acid &tartaric acid
– Ag-Sn particle is admixed to produce amalgam substitutes
combination -MIRACLE MIXTURE
• In early 1990s original glass Ionomer
formulations with alternate filler
particle categorised as resin
modified glass Ionomer
• Continued evolution polyacid modified
resin composite - compomers
• Advantages
• It is a tooth colored material
• It will adhere directly to enamel &dentin through
ion exchange mechanism
• Biologically active releasing fluorides
• Disadvantages
• Its physical properties are not
sufficient to enable it to withstand
• Heavy occlusal forces in large
restorations
• CLASSIFICATION
• According to WILSON & KENT
• Type 1-LUTING
• Cementation of crowns, bridges, orthodontic devices
• p:l ratio 1.5:1
• Type2 –RESTORATIVE
• type2.1- restorative esthetic
• auto cure or resin modified
• P:l ratio-3:1
• type2.2-restoration under high occlusal load
• auto cure or resin modified
• P:l ratio-3:1
• Type 3 –lining or base
• Simple lining under metallic restoration
• P:l ratio-1.5:1
• According to Intented application
• Type1 –luting
• Type2-restorative
• Type3- lining &base
• Type4-fissure sealant
• Type 5-orthodontic cement
• Type 6-core build up
• Type 7-fluoride releasing
• Type 8-GIC for ART
• Type 9-gediatric &pediatric GIC
• Composition
• Powder
• fluoro alumino silicate glass
• silica-increase translucency
• alumina-Skeletal structure & increase opacity
• calcium fluoride-increase opacity &act as flux
• Aluminium fluoride
• Sodium flouride
• Aluminium phosphate

• Liquid
• 40-55% soln of poly acrylic or itaconic acid copolymer in water or
• Copolymer of maleic acid & poly acrylic acid-improve storage
• Tartaric acid-maintain working time
• SETTING REACTION
• Acid base reaction
• When powder &liquid are mixed to form paste, the acid
etches surface of glass particle and calcium ,aluminium,
sodium & fluorine ions are released in to aqueous medium.
The poly acrylic acid chains are cross linked by the calcium
ions that are replaced by aluminium ions in next 24 hours.
The remaining ions are dispersed uniformly within the set
cement with fluorine ions . The cross linked phase hydrated
over time with the same water used for mixing .the process
is called MATURATION
• Setting reaction depends on
• Temperature of mixing slab-
• lower temperature of mixing slab , longer working time
• P:L Ratio
• Higher powder content , higher physical properties
• Water plays critical role in GIC. If freshly mixed cement are
exposed to ambient air with out protective covering the surface
will crack as a result of desication
• Contamination by water –dissolution of matrix
• GIC must protected against desiccation and water changes
• Manipulation
• Hand mixing
• divide powder in to two equal compartment
• gently spread liquid drop over the glass slab
• roll first half of the powder in to liquid incorporate two
together rapidly , this is completed in 10 sec rest of powder is
brought in to mix
• Mixing time 25-30 sec
• setting time type 1 4 to5
• type2 7sec
• Conditioning the cavity
• After cavity preparation there will be smear layer on
surface of floor and walls
• To remove smear layer 10% polyacrylic acid is applied
followed to remain in place for10 sec
• The cavity should be washed thoroughly and dried lightly
,cement followed in to place immediately
• Do not over dry the cavity
• Physical properties
• Compressive strength—150Mpa
• Tensile strength-6.6Mpa
• Hardness-48KHN
• Solubility-0.4
• Biological Properties
• Ion exchange adhesion
The union b/n glass Ionomer and tooth structure arises as a
result of an exchange of ions
• Because of low ph of poly alkanioc acid it will attack tooth
surface and release ca & phosphate ions which will be free
to mix with matrix of cement ,further release of ion
buffer the reaction and anew material containing ions from
both cement and tooth will begin to form and set at the
interface .The new material will be firmly attached to
both sides of the union will be stronger and more resistant
to acid attack
• Anticariogenic properties
• GIC release fluoride which prevent
formation of secondary caries
• Esthetics
• Inferior to silicate and composite
• Lack translucency
• Mechanism of adhesion
• Chelation of carboxyl groups of polyacids with
the apatite of enamel and dentin
• Biocompatibility
• Glass Ionomer show high degree of biocompatibility with living
tissues
• Poly acrylic acid are mild acids with high molecular wt and long
complex chain formation .this make difficult for acid to
penetrate through dentinal tubules even it does not produce
vigorous action
• Due to presence of Free fluoride ion ,bacteria such as
streptococcus can not thrive in presence of fluoride
• Uses
• Esthetic restoration of anterior teeth
• Restoration of class 3&class 5 cavity
• Luting
• Orthodontic bracket
• Pit& , and fissure
• Liner &base
• Core build up
• Intermediate restoration
 modifications
• Anhydrous
• Freeze dried poly acid powder and glass powder are placed
in same bottle as powder
• Liquid-water or water with tartaric acid
• Powder mixed with water the acid powder dissolves to re
constitute the liquid acid process followed by acid base
reaction
• Metal modified GIC
• To improve strength &fracture toughness of GIC
• Two methods are employed
• Silver alloy admixed –spherical amalgam alloy powder+type2
GIC
• Cermet -silver particle Are bonded to glass powder particle
by fusion this s achieved by sintering of particle at too high
temperature
• Properties
• Compressive strength-150 Mpa
• Esthetics-poor esthetics
• Resin modified
• To over come moisture sensitivity& low early strength
• Powder-ion leachable fluoro alumino silicate glass
• Initiator-light curing or chemical curing
• Liquid-water & poly acid or poly acid modified with
methacrylate & HEMA monomer
• Properties
• Improved translucency
• Increased strength
• Compressive strength-105Mpa
• Tensile stregth-20Mpa
• Hardness -39KHN
•
• Highly viscous GIC
• USED IN ART
• Properties
• Less fluoride than conventional GIC
• Restoration of low stress bearing areas
• Fluoride release similar to that of conventional GIC
 composites
• Definition
• A HIGHLY CROSS LINKED POLY MERIC MATERIAL
REINFORCED BY DISPERSION OF AMORPHOUS SILICA
GLASS.CRYSTALINE OR ORGANIC RESIN FILLER PARTICLE
AND OR SHORT FIBERS BONDED TO MATRIX BY COUPLING
AGENTS
• History
• 1930s first mention of methyl methacrylate
• 1948-acrylic resin introduced
• Buonocore-micromechanical adhesion-acid etching
• Bowen introduced BIS GMA ,filled composite resin ,UV cured
composite
• 1980s-light cured composite ,hybrid resin
• 1990-packable composite
• 1996-flowable
• 2000-nano fill introduced
• Advantages
• Good esthetics
CLASS PARTICLE SIZE
Traditional composite 1-50micro glass
Hybrid large particle 1-20 micro meter glass
0.04 micro meter silica
Hybrid midifiller 0.1-10 micro meter glass
.04 micro meter silica
Hybrid minifiller 0.1-2 micro meter glass
.04 micro meter silica
packable Midifiller /mini filler hybrid
flowable Midifiller hybrid
homogenous microfill 0.04 micron silica
Heterogenous microfill 0.04micron silica
Prepolymerised particle-0.04 micro
• Composition
• An organic resin component that forms the matrix
• Eg ; Bis GMA
• Inorganic filler these may be
• A)macro filler with particle size of about 5-10 mm
• eg; glass ,quartz ,ceramic etc
• B)Micro filler with particle size of 0.04mm
• eg;amorphous silica
• Coupling agent applied to filler to the resin silane -titanate or
zirconate
• Initiator system to activate setting mechanism-light or chemical
activation
• Inhibitors-BHT
• OPTICAL MODIFIERS-aluminium oxide
• Curing of resin based composite
• Chemical activated systems
• Two paste
• One-benzoyl peroxide-initiator
• Aromatic tertiary amine-N-N dimethyl para toludine
• Two paste r mixed together result in polymerisation
• Light activated systems
• Single paste containing in a light proof syringe
• Photosensitizer –camphoroquinone
• Amine initiator-dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate
(DMAEMA)
• Light source of activation
• Exposure time-40 second to light cure a2mm thick layer
• Advantage
• Mixing not required
• Control of working time
• Disadvantage
• Limited curing depth
• Poor accessibilty in posterior areas
Curing lamps
LED LAMPS
QTH LAMPS
PAC LAMPS
ARGON LASER LAMPS
• DEGREE OF CONVERSION
• MEASURE OF PERCENTAGE OF CARBON CARBON DOUBLE
BOND THAT HAVE BEEN CONVERTED TO SINGLE BOND TO
FORM POLYMERIC RESIN
• Higher degree of conversion’ better strength
• degree of conversion depends on
• Transmission of light through the material
• Time of exposure
• Amount of photo initiator or inhibitor present
• Polymerisation shrinkage
• Shrinkage of 1 -1.7%
• It leads to marginal leakage
• Chemically activated resin shrink towards center of bulk
material
• Light cured material first polymerise at surface,
contraction towards light source
• Incremental build up and cavity
configuration
• Limitation of depth of cure of photo initiated resin
dictates, use of incremental build up of composite
• Over comes limited depth of cure& residual stress
concentration
• Clinical steps
• Etching and bonding
Acid etching -one of most efficient way to improve
bond and marginal seal between resin and enamel
Mode of action- it creates micro porosities
it increases surface area
Most commonly used etchant-37% phosphoric acid
• Delivery and placement
• The chemical cure and dual cure materials will be packaged as
paste /paste system or a powder /liquid system
• Light activated material will always be delivered in light proof
syringes
• Incremental build up-placement of composite in small quantities in
selected areas of the cavities and direct the light source
• Depth of cure
Depth of cure of composite resin is quite significant
activator light should be placed within 1-2 mm of surface of the
newly placed restoration
Factors considered during curing
Degree of cure will decrease with in creasing depth
Increased time of exposure to light will increase depth of cure
propert Unfille traditio Hybrid Hybrid all Micro flowab packable
y d nal small purpose filled le
acrylic particle

-
Size 8-12 0.5-3 0.4-1 0.04- 0.6-1 fibrous
0.4
Inorgan 0 60-70 65-77 60-65 20-59 30-55 48-67
ic filler
volume
In 0 70-80 80-90 75-80 35-67 40-60 65-81
organic
filler
Compre 70 250-300 350-400 300-350 250- - -
ssive 300
strengt
h
Tensile 24 50-65 75-90 40-50 30-50 - 40-45
strengt
h
Elastic 2.4 8-15 15-20 11-15 3-6 4-8 3-13
modulu
s
Water 7 .5-1..7 05-.6 .5-.7 1.4-1.7 - -
sorptio
n
shrinka 8-10 - 2-3 2-3 2-3 3-5 2-3
ge
• Properties
• Marginal leakage
• When gingival margins are of cavity are located in dentin or,
cementum or both; the resin is firmly anchored to etched enamel
and other margins, ;material pull from margin due polymerization
shrinkage; gap formation in interface
• Wear
• Composite undergo occlusal wear
• Wear rate-10-20 micrometer/year
• posterior composite wear-0.1-2mm more than enamel over
10 year
• Radiopacty
• Resins are radiolucent
Biocompatiblity
Composites are relatively biocompatible
Composite resin affect pulp from two aspects
1-inherent chemical toxicity of the material
2-pulpal involvement due to microleakage
• Improperly cured or uncured composites enter
dentinal tubules cause pulpal inflammation
• Pulp protection-GIC and Calcium Hydroxide
CLASS CLINICAL USE

traditional High stress areas

Hybrid large particle High stress areas requiring

improved polishability-classes 1,, 2,
34
Hybrid midifiller high stress areas requiring
improved polishability classes-3 ,4
Hybrid minifiller , Moderate stress areas requiring
optimal polishability-classes-3 ,4

Packable hybrid situations in which improved

condensability
Needed(1&2)

flowable Situations in which improved flow

is needed(class2)
microfill Low stress &sub gingival areas require high
• Limitations
• Pulpal irritation due to un reacted
monomer
• Tissue cell response is less
• Compomer
POLY ACID MODIFIED COMPOSTE
Acid base reaction presence of saliva
COMPOSITION
One paste-light curable material-silicate glass particle NaF2&poly
acid modified monomer wit out water
Setting-photopolymerisation of acidic monomer
• Limitations
• Gic susceptible to dehydration through life span
• Resistance to fracture is one of d main use of limitations to
the use of glass Ionomer
• Resistance to Abration and wear is little less than of
composite
• Conclusion
• Tooth colored restorative material
provide better esthetic, they are
used widely in dentistry
• Thank u