Nemo dat quod non habet.

No one can
transfer a better title in property than he
himself has.
Sales without title.
Two principles are competing at law:
 
1.     the protection of property; and
2.     the protection of commercial transactions and in
particular the person who takes in good faith.
SGA s. 26 (1) Subject to this Act, if goods are sold
by a person who is not the owner of them, and who
does not sell them under the authority or with the
consent of the owner, the buyer acquires no better
title to the goods than the seller had, unless the
owner's conduct precludes the owner from denying
the seller's authority to sell.
29 (1) If goods have been stolen and the offender is
prosecuted to conviction, the property in the goods
stolen revests in the person who was the owner of
the goods, or that person's personal representative,
despite any intermediate dealing with them, whether
by sale in market overt or otherwise.
(2) Despite any enactment to the contrary, if goods
have been obtained by fraud or other wrongful
means not amounting to theft, the property in the
goods does not revest in the person who was the
owner of the goods, or that person's personal
representative, merely because of the conviction of
the offender.
1.     Estoppel.
 
“An estoppel is where a man is concluded by
his own act or acceptance to say the truth.”
Coke.
"a principle of justice and equity. It comes to this:
when a man, by his words or conduct, has led
another to believe in a particular state of affairs, he
will not be allowed to go back on it when it would be
unjust or inequitable for him to so." Moorgate
Mercantile v Twitchings [1976] 1 QB 225, CA at
241 per Lord Denning MR.
26 (1) Subject to this Act, if goods are sold by a
person who is not the owner of them, and who does
not sell them under the authority or with the consent
of the owner, the buyer acquires no better title to the
goods than the seller had, unless the owner's conduct
precludes the owner from denying the seller's
authority to sell.
2.     Sales by mercantile agent.
59 (1) If a mercantile agent is, with the consent of the owner,
in possession of goods or of the documents of title to goods,
any sale, pledge or other disposition of the goods made by the
mercantile agent when acting in the ordinary course of
business of a mercantile agent is, subject to this Act, as valid
as if the mercantile agent were expressly authorized by the
owner of the goods to make the sale, pledge or other
disposition, if the person taking under the disposition acts in
good faith, and has not at the time of the disposition notice
that the person making the disposition has not authority to
make it.
(2) If a mercantile agent has, with the consent of the
owner, been in possession of goods, or of the
documents of title to goods, any sale, pledge or other
disposition that would have been valid if the consent
had continued is valid despite the termination of the
consent, if the person taking under the disposition
has not at that time notice that the consent has been
terminated.
3) If a mercantile agent has obtained possession of
any documents of title to goods because of being or
having been, with the consent of the owner, in
possession of the goods represented by it, or of any
other documents of title to the goods, the agent's
possession of the first mentioned documents is, for
the purposes of this Act, deemed to be with the
consent of the owner.
(4) For the purposes of this Act, the consent
of the owner is presumed unless there is
evidence to the contrary.
59 (1) If a mercantile agent is, with the consent of
the owner, in possession of goods or of the
documents of title to goods, any sale, pledge or other
disposition of the goods made by the mercantile
agent when acting in the ordinary course of business
of a mercantile agent is, subject to this Act, as valid
as if the mercantile agent were expressly authorized
by the owner of the goods to make the sale, pledge
or other disposition, if the person taking under the
disposition acts in good faith, and has not at the time
of the disposition notice that the person making the
disposition has not authority to make it.
3.Where you have the sellers in
possession.
30 (1) If a person having sold goods continues or is
in possession of the goods, or of the documents of
title to the goods, the delivery or transfer by that
person, or by a mercantile agent acting for that
person, of the goods or documents of title under any
sale, pledge or other disposition of them, or under
any agreement for the sale, pledge or other
disposition of them, to any person receiving the
same in good faith and without notice of the
previous sale has the same effect as if the person
making the delivery or transfer were expressly
authorized by the owner of the goods to make the
delivery or transfer.
4.     Buyer in possession.
S. 30 (3) If a person having bought or agreed to buy goods
obtains, with the consent of the seller, possession of the
goods or the documents of title to the goods, the delivery or
transfer by that person, or by a mercantile agent acting for
that person, of the goods or documents of title under any sale,
pledge or other disposition of them, or under any agreement
for the sale, pledge or other disposition of them, to any person
receiving the same in good faith and without notice of any
lien or other right of the original seller in respect of the goods
has the same effect as if the person making the delivery or
transfer were a mercantile agent in possession of the goods or
documents of title with the consent of the owner.
5.     Sales under voidable title.
28 When the seller of goods has a voidable title to
them, but the seller's title has not been avoided at the
time of the sale, the buyer acquires a good title to the
goods, if they are bought in good faith and without
notice of the seller's defect of title.
6. Market overt.
27 (1) If goods are sold in market overt, according to
the usage of the market, the buyer acquires a good
title to the goods, as long as they are bought in good
faith and without notice of any defect or want of title
on the part of the seller.
(2) This section does not affect the law relating to
the sale of horses.
Other exceptions in Canada
Questions:

1. What is the apparent aim of the legislation

regarding sales without title?

2. What are the policy justifications for the six

exceptions to the basic rule of nemo dat quod non
habet?