CLIMATE CHANGE and THE HVAC

INDUSTRY:
Exposing the Link

By
Varun Pahwa

DESICCANT ROTORS INTERNATIONAL Pvt. Ltd.

CLIMATE CHANGE 101
THE EARTH IS HEATING UP.
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE

BALI, 3 - 14 DECEMBER 2007

GLOBAL WARMING IS HERE TO STAY.
 Rank Country Annual emission MMT % of total emissions
WORLD 27,246 100%
1 USA 6049 22.2%
2 CHINA 5010 18.4%
- EU 3115 11.4%
3 RUSSIA 1525 5.6%
4 INDIA 1343 4.9%
15 FRANCE 374 1.4%
19 AUSTRALIA 327 1.2%
SHARE OF EMISSIONS 2006

Concentration Proportion of Total Effect

Greenhouse Gas Anthropogenic Sources GWP
1800s - 2000 (Approximate)
Fossil Fuel Burning,
Carbon Dioxide 280 - 370 ppm 1 60%
Deforestation
Methane 0.75 - 1.75 ppm Agriculture, Fuel Leakage 21 20%
Halocarbons 0 - 0.7 ppb Refrigerants 3400+ 14%
Nitrous Oxide 275 - 310 ppb Agriculture, Combustion 310 6%

Ozone 15 - 30 ppb Urban Pollution

GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL

 Consume
12% of world’s fresh water
40% of world’s energy

Produce
40% of waste going to
landfills
40% of emissions

BUILDINGS

Electricity use is the main source of GHG emissions in commercial

buildings, being responsible for 89% of all emissions.

Many commercial buildings are responsible for upto 200 tonnes of

greenhouse gas emissions per square meter of floor space annually.

- Electricity
Buildings HVAC Equipment Environmental Impact - Refrigerants
- Embodied Energy
- Water
 Electric powered
Fuel Energy In Power Plant
System or process

Transmission
and Distribution

1.1kWh 1 kWh
delivered to
3.37 kWh
end use
Thermal
(11,500 Btu) (Thermal equivalent assuming 33% plant efficiency)

Coal Fuel - 1.14 KG of CO2 per KW of electricity

CONCEPTUAL ILLUSTRATION OF CO2 EMISSIONS FROM ELECTIC END USE

OF ENERGY.
 Carbon Emissions for Electricity Generation

Coal 0.9 Kg / kwh CO2

Gas 0.6 Kg / kwh CO2
Solar, Wind, Nuclear, Hydro < 0.05 Kg / kwh CO2

T&D LOSES
Average 8 – 10 %
INDIA SOURCES OF POWER India 22%
Coal 53.5%
Gas 10.4%
0.8 Kg of CO2 / kwh of electricity used
Hydro 26.6%
 THE US STORY

- 76 million residential buildings

- 5 million commercial buildings
By the year 2010, another 38 million buildings are expected to be constructed.

Nearly 70% of electricity produced at US power plants is consumed by the existing

residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.
 Overall, Space conditioning Sector Major Uses
accounts for 44% and 30% of Residential 32% space heating
the energy consumption in the 13% water heating
12% lighting
US residential and commercial 11% air conditioning
sector respectively. 8% refrigeration
5% electronics
Approximately 14.3% of all 5% wet-clean (mostly
clothes dryers)
energy consumed in the US is
for space conditioning in Commercial 25% lighting
13% heating
commercial and residential
11% cooling
buildings using HVACR 6% refrigeration
systems and products 6% water heating
(includes heating, cooling and 6% ventilation
6% electronics
parasitic equipment)

Energy consumption characteristics of US commercial buildings HVAC systems

 Cooling Heating

PRIMARY ENERGY USE – HVAC EQUIPMENT BREAKDOWN

 PARASITIC PRIMARY ENERGY USE – EQUIPMENT BREAKDOWN
Parasitic energy use in commercial building HVAC systems accounts for about
10% of commercial sector energy use.

2005 emissions in the US were 5954 MMTons

Residential sector 1243 MMT (20.8%)
commercial sector 1056 MMT (17.7%)
Space conditioning or HVACR equipment in the US for commercial & residential
sectors uses energy which can be equated to approximately 700 to 900 MMTons.
The commercial sector HVACR emission is approximately 373 MMTons.
 Slated for construction by 2010

12 million homes, 600 shopping

malls, 80 million square feet of
offices and 200 townships, along with
airports, hotels, hospitals and
schools.

India’s electricity consumption stands at 587 billion Kwh in 2006, out of which
currently 8% is being used by the commercial sector and 25% in the residential
segment.

Commercial Buildings 32 % for ac / 60 % for lighting / 8 % others

Emission in the commercial sector can be estimated between 11 and 14 MMT on

account of installed space conditioning equipment.
 The central plant market in India is currently growing
at 23% per year and the market for large chillers
(centrifugal and screw) is expected to grow at 30%
per year. In 2005, the centrifugal chillers market is
estimated at 60,000 cooling tonnes and the market
for screw chillers is estimated at 300,000 cooling
tonnes.

This new annual installed base of centrifugal and

screw chillers alone in India represents an addition of
over 1.2 MMTos of emissions.

HVACR energy use in commercial buildings currently represents over

6% of total country emissions in US
1 to 2% of total country emissions in India

However, in the case of India, this percentage is rising extremely fast

on account of 12% growth in demand for electricity in commercial
buildings.
 Dubai 1985 Dubai 2005
- UAE is world’s second largest per capita carbon emitter after Qatar.
- By 2015, power demand will double up.
- 70% was utilized in commercial and residential buildings.

AUSTRALIA

By 2010, HVACR energy use in commercial buildings

will be responsible for 21 Mt of emissions annually or
nearly 4% of Australia's total emissions.
 Global Warming

Climate Change Sustainability

Clean-Tech Carbon Credits

EVERYONE IS TALKING IN A NEW LANGUAGE : ‘GREEN’

Building ‘GREEN’ promotes resource conservation, including energy efficiency,
renewable energy, and water conservation features; consider environmental
impacts and waste minimization; create a healthy and comfortable
environment; reduce operation and maintenance costs; and address issues such
as historical preservation, access to public transportation and other community
infrastructure systems.
The entire life cycle of the building and its components should be considered,
as well as the economic and environmental impact and performance.
 Concentration Proportion of Total Effect
Greenhouse Gas Anthropogenic Sources GWP
1800s - 2000 (Approximate)
Fossil Fuel Burning,
Carbon Dioxide 280 - 370 ppm 1 60%
Deforestation
Methane 0.75 - 1.75 ppm Agriculture, Fuel Leakage 21 20%

Halocarbons 0 - 0.7 ppb Refrigerants 3400+ 14%

Nitrous Oxide 275 - 310 ppb Agriculture, Combustion 310 6%

Ozone 15 - 30 ppb Urban Pollution

CFCs

HCFCs

HFCs
-Ozone depletion
-Global Warming
HCFCs -ozone depleting effect 10% of CFCs.
HFCs account for only 0.06 percent of human-
induced global warming. GHG in Kyoto Protocol
Embodied energy is the sum total of the energy necessary - from the raw
material extraction, to transport, manufacturing, assembly, installation
as well as the capital and other costs of a specific material - to produce a
service or product and finally its disassembly and/or deconstruction.

Different methodologies produce different understandings of the scale and

scope of application and the type of energy embodied.

Like operational energy, embodied energy is an indicator of the level of energy

consumption for a building.

Some commercial buildings the embodied energy can be equivalent to

20 to 37 years of operational energy and consequently, it is a major
source of energy consumption within a building.

Material kg carbon equivalent per tonne produced

Steel 300 to 850 (depending on % scrap steel)
SAVING THE PLANET HAS SUDDENLY BECOME GOOD BUSINESS.