Calculus Prerequisite

Knowledge
0.2: Trignometric Functions
Objectiv
•e:
Understand
relationships between
angles and sides of right
triangles
•Review trig functions of
©2008 Roy L. Gover
(www.mrgover.com)
 Definition
The special angles are:
•30°,60°, and 45° in
degrees
π π π
, ,
• 6 3 and 4 in radians
In calculus, we use
radians.
 Important Idea
These angles are
special because they
have exact value trig
functions.
Consider the first two
special angles…
s π

Side
Short
nu
te 3
p o
y
H π
e 6
Long
…
orientation Short Side
π
does not
3
change the

Long Side
Hy
relationshi
ps po
ten π
between us 6
sides and
e
…
orientation π
does not

e
6

Long Side
us
change the

ten
relationshi
po
ps between Hy π
sides and 3
angles Short Side
Analysis
Consider
an
equilater 2 2
al
triangle
with
sides 2
2
Analysis
...equilater π
al triangles 3
2 2
are
equiangula
r and each π π
π 3
angle must 3
3
2
Analysis
…the
angle π π
bisector 2 2
6 6
intersects
the base π π
at the 3
3
midpoint
1 1
Analysis
π
6
? 2
π π π
6 6 3
2 2 1
π π
3 3 ?= 3
1 1
 Try This
Find the
height of
an
4 4
equilateral
triangle ?
with each
side 4 4
 Important Idea
π π π
In a , , rad triangle:
6 3 2
•the short side is one-
ri z
half the hypotenuse.
m o
e
M side is3
•the long
times the
e short side.
 Try This
Find the π
length 6
of the 10
missing 5 3
sides:

5
 Try This 5 3
3
Find the
π
length
of the 3
missing 5
10 3
sides: 3
 Try This
What is
wrong
with this π
picture? 6
Consider the last special
angle…
π
6 π
π 4
3 π
π 4
4
…
orientation
does not se
n u π
change the te 4
o
p
relationshi y
H π
ps
4
between
sides and
…
orientation
does not π
change the 4

H
yp
relationshi π
ps ot
en
4

us
between
sides and e
…and
sides x
opposite π
equal 4
angles x
π
are x 2
4
equal...
and by the
pythagorean theorem,
the hypotenuse is...
 Important Idea
π π π
In a , , triangle:
4 4 2
•The legs of the
ri z
triangle are equal.
m o
M e
•the hypotenuse is2
times the
e length of the
leg.
 Try This
Find
π
the
2 2 4
length 2
of the π
missin 4
g 2
 Try This
2
Find π
the
4
length 2 π 2
of the 4
missin
g
 Review
y opposite
• sin θ = = 1

r hypotenuse r
y
θ
x adjacent -1 1

• cos θ = r = hypotenuse x
-1

y opposite
• tan θ = =
x adjacent Memoriz
 Review
r hypotenuse
•csc θ = = 1

y opposite r
y
θ
r hypotenuse -1 1

• secθ = x = adjacent x
-1

x adjacent
• cot θ = y = opposite Memoriz
 Example 1

Find the
exact
π -1 1

values of 3 -1

the six
trig
functions of the
given special
angle in standard
 Analysis π
θ = rads
3
1

1. Make
a right -1
θ 1

triangle.
-1
 Analysis π
θ = rads
3
1

2. Let the
short side be 2 3
θ
1, then use -1 1

your 1
knowledge of -1

to find the
special measures of
angles
each side of the right
 Analysis π
θ = rads
3
3. Use the 1

definitions 2 3
of the trig -1
θ 1

functions to 1
find each -1

trig function
exact value.
 Analysis π
θ = rads
opp 3 3
sin θ = = 1

hyp 2
2 3
adj 1 -1
θ 1
cos θ = = 1
hyp 2
-1

opp 3
tan θ = = = 3
adj 1
 Analysis π
θ = rads
hyp 2 3 3
csc θ = = 1

opp 3
2 3
hyp -1
θ 1
sec θ = =2 1
adj
-1

adj 3
cot θ = =
opp 3
 Try This 1

Find the π
exact -1 1

values of 4
-1

the six
trig
functions of the
given special
angle in standard
 Solution
π 2 π
sin = csc = 2
4 2 4

π 2 π
cos = sec = 2
4 2 4

π π
tan = 1 cot = 1
4 4
 Important Idea
If the given angle is
other than a quadrant I
angle, the exact values
of the trig functions are
calculated using the
reference angle of the
 Review
Reference Angle: the
angle between a given
angle and the nearest x
axis. (Note: x axis; not y
axis). Reference angles
are always positive.
 Review

How you find the

reference angle
depends on which
quadrant contains the
given angle.
 Review
2

1
Given
Angle &
-2 -1 1 2 3

Reference
-1
Angle
-2
 Review
2

Given
Reference 1

Angle
Angle
-3 -2 -1 1 2

-1

-2
 Review
2

Given
Angle
1

-3 -2 -1 1 2

-1

Reference
Angle -2
 Review
2

-3 -2 Given
-1 1 2

Angle -1

-2
Reference
Angle
 Example Give
Draw a n
diagram 5π Angl
showing the 6 e
relevant π
angles and Ref. Angle
6
sides and
find the sin,
5π & tan of
cos
6
Short Example
Give
Side 5π n
π Angl
6
6 e

Long
Side
 Example
5π 3
tan =−
2 5π 6 3
1 π 6 cos 5π = − 3
6 6 2
5π 1
− 3 sin =
6 2

Why is 1 & 2 pos. &3

 Try This Give
Draw a n
diagram 5π Angl
showing the 6 e
relevant π
angles and Ref. Angle
6
sides and
find the csc,
sec
5π & cot of
6
 Solution
5π
2 cot =− 3
5π 6
1 π 6
6 5π 2 3
sec =−
6 3
− 3 5π
csc =2
6
Find the Quadrantal 1

π
values of Angles θ
the six trig -1 1

functions 2 -1

of the
given sin θ csc θ
angle in cos θ sec θ
standard tan θ cot θ
Find the Quadrantal Angles
1

values of
the six trig 2π
-1 1

functions -1

of the
given sin θ csc θ
angle in cos θ sec θ
standard tan θ cot θ
Find the Quadrantal Angles
1

values of
π
the six trig -1 1

functions -1

of the
given sin θ csc θ
angle in cos θ sec θ
standard tan θ cot θ
Find theQuadrantal 1 Angles
values of 3π
the six trig -1 1

functions 2
-1

of the
given sin θ csc θ
angle in cos θ sec θ
standard tan θ cot θ
 Important Ideas
•Trig functions of
quadrantal angles have
exact values.
•Trig functions of special
angles have exact values.
•Trig functions of all
other angles have
approximate values.
 Example
Use a calculator to
 4π 
approximate cos
 −  to
 9 
4 decimal places.

You did not forget to

check “mode”, did
 Example
Use a calculator to
approximate
csc(11.55π ) to 4
decimal places.
Check “mode” every
time.
 Lesson Close

You will frequently use

the trig knowledge you
learned in Precalculus
in Calculus