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 1879 1881 1882
The Dual Alliance Austro-Serbian Alliance The Triple Alliance

Germany and Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary made an alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary
made an alliance to protect with Serbia to stop Russia gaining made an alliance with Italy to stop
themselves from Russia control of Serbia Italy from taking sides with Russia

1894
1914
Franco-Russian Alliance
Triple Entente (no separate peace)
Russia formed an alliance with
Britain, Russia and France agreed
France to protect herself against
not to sign for peace separately.
Germany and Austria-Hungary

1907 1904
1907
Triple Entente Entente Cordiale
Anglo-Russian Entente
This was made between Russia, This was an agreement, but not a
This was an agreement between
France and Britain to counter the formal alliance, between France
Britain and Russia
increasing threat from Germany. and Britain.

 

Militarism means that the army and military

forces are given a high profile by the
government. The growing European divide
had led to an arms race between the main countries. The armies of both
France and Germany had more than doubled between 1870 and 1914 and
there was fierce competition between Britain and Germany for mastery of
the seas. The British had introduced the 'Dreadnought', an effective
battleship, in 1906. The Germans soon followed suit introducing their own
battleships. The German, Von Schlieffen also drew up a plan of action that
involved attacking France through Belgium if Russia made an attack on
Germany.
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6 The one event that started the Great War
happened in the Balkans.
6 The Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria) was
assassinated while visiting Serbia.
6 The Black hand was held responsible.
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Without hesitation, Austrian
officials pronounced the
reply unsatisfactory, broke
off relations with Serbia, and
started to mobilize. On July
28, 1914, Austria declared war
on Serbia, the very same day it
received Germany's telegram
of "restraint."
6 ï
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DzThis country has gone wild with joy at the prospect of war with
Serbia, and its postponement or prevention would undoubtedly
be a great disappointmentdz
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Òuly 5th Ȃ Austria are assured by Germany of
support against Serbia
Òuly 23rd- Ultimatum Sent to Serbia, Two
demands are rejected
Òuly 29th- Austria declares war on Serbia
Serbia appeal to Russia for help
Òuly 30th- Russia mobilises her army, Germany
mobilises her army for war against
Russia.
Aug 1st- Germany declares war on Russia,
France mobilises her army.
6 Though Germany had little interest in Austriaǯs problems with Serbia, it
had significant ambitions regarding its other neighbors. In recent years,
Russia had become increasingly involved in European affairs, while
simultaneously modernizing and expanding its military. German military
leaders felt that war with Russia was inevitable at some point. Therefore,
they argued, it would be far better to fight Russia now, while its army
was still poorly armed and untrained, rather than to wait until it could
pose a greater threat. Some historians claim that Germany deliberately
encouraged Austria to go to war with Serbia in order to set off a war with
Russia.
6 Furthermore, German military leaders believed there was a good chance
that Britain would remain neutral and that France also might stay at
armǯs length, despite its treaty with Russia. This wishful thinking helped
the German military leaders convince themselves that the war would be
winnable and also helped them to sell their plan to the kaiser.
6 For centuries, ë

 had been the greatest naval power in the world and
also had the largest collection of colonies. In the first years of the
twentieth century, however, Germany made a massive and costly effort
to build up a comparable naval fleet of its own, with the specific goal of
matching Britain on the high seas. Germany also had recently shown a
stronger interest than before in acquiring new colonies. Britain, seeing
these developments as a dangerous threat to the balance of power in
Europe, argued to Germany (through diplomatic channels) that the
country had no need for a large navy or a large number of colonies.
Germany ignored Britainǯs rebuffs and continued as before. Òust as some
German leaders favored an Dzanticipatorydz war against Russia, some
British leaders felt similarly about Germany.
6 In 1871, ã  had lost the territories
of   and
 
 to Germany in a warȄ
a bitterly humiliating blow that left France
desperate to regain these lands. While fearful
of an all-out German invasion, some French
leaders felt that if Germany were distracted
by a war with Russia, France might have a
chance to seize Alsace and Lorraine.
6 ¢
ǯs motives for entering the war are less clear-cut. The
period just prior to the war was a time of great instability in
Russia: never before in the nationǯs history had the tsarǯs grip
on power been so fragile. On the other hand, there was
support in Russia for the Serbian cause, and a military victory
would likely help the tsar politically. Nevertheless, war was a
risky proposition given the poor state of the Russian military
at the time. Tsar Nicholas II, who was personally hesitant
about joining the war, briefly flip-flopped over ordering
mobilization. Ultimately, however, he caved under pressure
from overly optimistic Russian military leaders and advisers
who had strong nationalistic leanings.
6 Germany had already planned to invade
France through Belgium and Holland.
6 Britain had always been sensitive about
Belgium as it was a small country with
seaports very close to Britain.
6 British policy was that no major naval
power should be able to control Belgium
6 Aug 3rd Ȃ Germany declares war on
France
6 August 4th Ȃ Germany invades Belgium,
Britain declares war on
Germany

6 The whole of Europe is plunged into war.

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6 Germany suffered because of the British
blockade, so it developed small
submarines called U-boats to strike back
at the British.
6 U-boats are named after the German for
Dzundersea boat.dz
6 In February 1915 the German
government declared the waters around
Great Britain a war zone, threatening to
destroy all enemy ships.
6 Germany warned the U.S. that neutral
ships might be attacked.
6 The German plan for unrestricted
submarine warfare angered Americans,


 2,
and Wilson believed it violated the laws
of neutrality.
6 Wilson held Germany accountable for
American losses.
6 In 1915, Germany sank a luxury
passenger ship to Great Britain called
the Ä
, killing many, including
128 Americans
6 Americans were outraged, and Wilson
demanded an end to unrestricted
submarine warfare.
6 The Germans agreed to attack only
supply ships but later sank the French
passenger ship Sussex, killing 80
people.
6 Wilson threatened Germany again, and
Germany issued the
promising not to sink merchant vessels
Dzwithout warning and without saving
human lives.dz
 
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6 While Americans trained, the Allies 6 American troops began fighting 12
suffered a blow when a group called the months after arriving, digging
Bolsheviks took over Russiaǯs extensive trenches in the dark to avoid
government. detection.
6 Bolsheviks were  
 , who seek
equal distribution of wealth and no
private ownership.
6 The new government, led by Vladimir
Ilich Lenin, signed a peace treaty with the
Central Powers and withdrew its troops.
6 Germany was free to focus on the West,
and in May 1918 Germany launched a
series of offensives against the Allies.
6 Germans were backed by a large artillery,
and by late May the Germans pushed the
Allies back to the Marne River, 70 miles
northeast of Paris.
6 In the trenches, troops stood in deep
mud with rats as enemies dropped gas
and explosives.
6 While defending Paris in Òune 1918,
U.S. troops helped the French stop the
Germans at Chateau-Thierry.
6 In northern France, a division of U.S.
Marines recaptured the forest of
Belleau Wood and two nearby villages.
6 After fierce fighting, the Allies halted
the German advance and saved Paris.
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a President Wilson led American negotiators attending the peace
conference in Paris in Òanuary 1919.

His attendance of the Paris Peace Conference made him the first U.S.
President to visit Europe while in office.

Republicans criticized Wilson for leaving the country when it was
trying to restore its economy.
a Wilsonǯs dream of international peace, though, required him to attend the
conference as a fair and unbiased leader to prevent squabbling among
European nations.
a The Paris Peace Conference began on Òanuary 12, 1919, with leaders
representing 32 nations, or about three-quarters of the worldǯs population.
a The leaders of the victorious AlliesȄV 
 
 , British
Prime Minister 

 , French premier   
 became known as the 
 .
a Germany and the Central Powers were not invited to attend.
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 to Germany in May.
6 The treaty was harsher than Wilson wanted, requiring Germany to
 Disarm its military forces
 Pay $33 billion in 2 
 , or payments for damages and expenses caused
by the war, which Germany could not afford
 Take sole responsibility for starting the war
6 The Central Powers also had to turn over their colonies to the Allies, to stay under
Allied control until they could become independent.
6 The treaty included some of Wilsonǯs Fourteen Points, such as the creation of a
League of Nations and self-determination for some ethnic groups in Eastern and
Central Europe.

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