p
p







 p
p p





 p





An illness linked to genetic factors or as a
result of interaction between genetic and
environmental factors.


_ on infectious
_ Usually due to genetic factors
_ May cause permanent impairment/disability
_ May have long latency period
_ Usually have low curability
_ Prolonged course of illness progress with time, more
prevalent and severe in the elderly
_ Requires special training for rehabilitation
_ May require a long period of supervision, observation and
care


_ áo create awareness among population about the healthy
lifestyles and adverse lifestyle-related diseases in the
community.
_ áo restore and maintain high quality of the health of the
individual and community
p
p

_ @
 

   

_ Vdentify public health 
and their magnitude
_ Vdentify high risk populations amenable to intervention
_ Monitor health of the population

_ áo instill healthy lifestyles in order to reduce the risk of 

through education, mass media, health campaign and support
groups.
 !
_ ommunicable disease are slowly being replaced by

.
_  
 in Malaysia are:
_
iabetes Mellitus
_ ardiovascular
iseases (V

_ hronic Respiratory
iseases (Asthma
_ Mental Vllness
_ ancers
_ erebrovascular
isease (Stroke
_ Road áraffic Accident
_ 
burden outweighs the communicable disease
burden.
_ Major causes of admissions and deaths in government
hospitals
_ ational ealth and Morbidity Survey, Malaysia
(MS show an increasing trend in the prevalence of
diabetes and hypertension.
 "#
_ ›verweight and obesity
_
iabetes
_ ypertension
_ Smoking
p$p
%
p

 
`
`

 
` 
  
 ` › `  
!
`  "#
$ % ` &'(
&'()!
 ! " *+,,-.//-0
_ áhe risk for overweight and obesity was higher in þ
than men
_ áhe levels of overweight and obesity were highest among
adults 
 
_ ›verweight levels were highest among Vndians, followed by
Malays, hinese and Aboriginals
&'()!*(
 
_ ]hat is of most concern is the rising trend of overweight and
obesity observed amongst adolescents in Malaysia.
_ áhe scenario among adults is even more alarming. áhe prevalence
of overweight and obesity amongst Malaysian adults had tripled
within the last ten years.
_ áhis means that M   
 are now either overweight or
obese.
% pp




Ñ   Ñ  

SBP/
BP

›PáVMAL <120/80 ›RMAL

›RMAL 120²129/80²84
PRPRáSV›
B›AR
RLV 130²139/85²89

PRáSV› >140/90 PRáSV›

Stage 1 140²159/90²99 SáAG 1

Stage 2 160²179/100²109 SáAG 2

Stage 3 >180/110
_ vidence showed that greater SBP is a major risk factor for
ardiovascular
iseases.
_ áhe prevalence of systolic hypertension increases with age,
and above 50 years of age, systolic hypertension represents
the most common form of hypertension.
_
BP is a more potent cardiovascular risk factor than SBP
until age 50; After that, SBP is more important.
_ linical trials have demonstrated that low systolic
hypertension reduces total mortality, cardiovascular
mortality, and stroke.
_ Vncreasingly important medical and public health issue globally.
_ áhe prevalence =
        
 
 and approximately three-fourths of those 70 years of age and
older
_ Vn fact, periodic national surveys have shown a steady 
 in
the prevalence of hypertension over time.
_ According to his report at the 7th ASVA-PA VV ›GRSS
› PRáSV› 2009 the latest ational ealth and
Morbidity Survey in 2006 showed that the prevalence of
hypertension among Malaysian adults 30 years old and above was
, a shock 10 point leap from the 33% recorded 10 years
earlier.
_ Moreover, among patients with hypertension who were on drug
treatment, only 26% of them had achieved the target blood
pressure.
_ Vt is now estimated that there are !  individuals with
hypertension in Malaysia.
_ áhe estimated figure worldwide is a staggering 1 billion
individuals. Vt is also alarming to note that close to two thirds of
individuals with hypertension in Malaysia were not aware that they
have hypertension.

ppp

( " 1 $%

_ 

_ asting <7.0 mmol/L
_ 2 h after glucose <7.8 mmol/L
_ V 

  

_ asting <7.0 mmol/L
_ 2 h after glucose 7.8²11.0 mmol/L
_ "  
_ asting >7.0 mmol/L
_ 2 h after glucose •11.1 mmol/L

ppp

_ Vn Malaysia, diabetes is a 
þ concern.
_ áhrough the Ministry of ealth's six year thematic ealthy
Lifestyle ampaign which began in 1991, diabetes mellitus
was the theme for the year 1995.
_ ere, the promotion of adopting healthy lifestyle practices
relating to the prevention of diabetes namely creating
awareness and balance diet, maintain ideal body weight and
physical activities were encouraged.
_ áhe campaign also emphasised on creating, awareness of the
disease and its complications to the public.
_ áhe national prevalence of known diabetes in Malaysia was
found to be 5.7%
_ owever, through the 2 hour- post- glucose load test, the
national prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 2.5%
_ áaking into account these 2 categories of diabetes, hence the
prevalence of diabetes in Malaysia would be 8.3%
_ áhe survey revealed geographical variations in the observed
prevalence of diabetes by states.
_ áhe highest observed prevalence of ˜þ
"
occurred in the 

 
 like Selangor
(7.3% and Penang (7.3%
_ Similarly, the prevalence of 


" was
highest in the 

 
states like egeri Sembilan
(4. 1%, Penang (3, 5% and Melaka ( 1%.
_ áhe prevalence was significantly 

"
compared to rural areas ( 12.1% vs 10.5%.
_  


 
 in the prevalence was observed.
_ Based on ethnicity, the V
 had the highest prevalence of
diabetes (19.9%, followed by Malays (11.9% and hinese
(11.4%.
_ áhose with primary education or less, have a higher
prevalence of diabetes.
_ áhere was no difference in prevalence of diabetes by income
status.
2


2


_ About  of all Malaysian men smoke.
_ very day about 50 teenagers below the age of 18 start
smoking
_ Studies show about 30% of adolescent boys (aged 12 to 18
smoke.
_ Smoking among female teens is rising.
_ Some studies have shown that lung cancer is rising at a rate of
17% a year.
_ aused more than half a million coronary events.
_ ighest in rural Kelantan and lowest in urban Penang and
Sarawak.
_ Among those who reported ever having smoked, the quit
rate was substantially higher among females (29.7% than
among males (17.3%.
_ ]omen (29.6% were more likely to smoke ¶rokok daun·
(hand-rolled cigarettes wrapped in a corn leaf.
_ áhe proportion of heavy smokers (>20 sticks daily was
higher among males (33.7% than among females (17.7%
á