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Unit 1

Diode and Op-amp


I. Diode
I

- Diode allows current flow one way.


- ???
What are diodes used for??

Classification:
. Rectifying diode.
. High Conductance Fast Diode (schottky).
. Zener diode.
. LED
-Rectifier
Logic circuits
Master/ slave power supply

Vo = Vac OR 12 volt standby battery


Zener
Online tools for diode applications

http://www.indiabix.com/electronics-circuits/
The datasheet.

Datasheets contain all parameters of a component.

A datasheet is divided into many parts, ones contains a kind of


parameters  pay attention on what we need.

You should read the Features, Applications and Description


carefully to have an overview about your component.
Datasheet 1
The datasheets.
The Op-amp
What is an Op-amp?

Tips:
An Operational amplifier ("op-amp")
is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic
voltage amplifier with a differential
input and, usually, a single-ended
output. An op-amp produces an
output voltage that is typically
hundreds of thousands times larger
than the voltage difference between
its input terminals.
(wikipedia.org)
Amplifier
Understanding:
- Open loop gain
- Closed loop gain
- Saturation/ Linear Region
- Negative Feedback
- Zin
- Zout

Tips:
Saturation: bão hòa
Linear: tuyến tính
Feedback: hồi tiếp.
Open-Loop Gain (opamp)

The open-loop gain is the gain of the amplifier


without the feedback loop
being closed, hence the name “ open loop .”
can be vary high, on the order
of 160 dB or more. This is a gain of 100 million

The open-loop gain can change due to output Vo= Aopen-loop * (V+ - V-)
voltage levels and loading

Tips:
Voltage Gain (dB) = 20.lg(Vout / Vin)
LM324 with 100 dB open DC loop gain
Applications:

Vo= Aopen-loop * (V+ - V-)


Vo + Vcc/ -Vcc
Closed-Loop Gain

the gain of the amplifier with the feedback loop closed

Feedback Resistor
Closed-Loop Gain (cont)

Vo= Aopen-loop * (V+ - V-)


Vo ???
Ideal Opamp ( Open loop gain  infinitive. )
Our op-amp has a differential voltage gain of 200,000 (open loop gain)
 “We can think of the operational amplifier as being a
variable voltage source controlled by an extremely sensitive
null detector”

Tips:
Null detector:
mạch phát hiện
mức 0
Fulcrum (real ground)

The lever which


fulcrum (pivot point)
represents the
location of the ground
point, real or virtual
Tips:
Lever: đòn bẩy
This kind of Amplifier Fulcrum: điểm tựa
is called “non-
investing Amp.
The lever (cont)

(Av) = 2

Vin>0
The lever (cont)

Now, any input


signal will
become
amplified by a Tips:
factor of four Factor: hệ số
instead of by a
factor of two:
The lever (cont)

Vin < 0
Fulcrum

Fulcrum is a vitural
ground.
What is a Vitural
ground???

Tips:
|Vo| < |Vi|
conclusions

Open loop gain  saturation  Vo => +Vcc or - Vcc

Open loop gain  saturation  Vo => +Vcc or - Vcc


Some basic diode and Op-amp applications:
REVIEW:

-Op amp as a Comparator


-Op map as a Amplifier
-The reason why V+ = V-
Unit 2

Negative feedback and its effect


Without feedback:

Its (op amp) gain


cannot be
controlled, and it Vo= Aopen-loop * (V+ - V-)
is generally too Aopen-loop  infinitive
high to be of any
practical use.
What is Negative feedback?

If we connect the output


of an op-amp to its
inverting input and apply
a voltage signal to the
non-inverting input, we
find that the output
voltage of the op-amp
closely follows that input
voltage . It is called
Negative feedback .
Problems and solutions:

What are differences


between 2 circuits?
Experiments:
The purpose of this circuit
is to provide a pushbutton-
adjustable voltage.
Pressing one button
causes
the output voltage to
increase, while pressing
the other button causes
the output voltage to
decrease. When
neither button is pressed,
the voltage remains stable.

What will happen after 5 minutes, will the output stable??


Zin and Zout:
(simulation)
datasheet
Zin and Zout (cont):
Zin and Zout (cont):

”Split” or ”dual” DC power supplies without Op-amp


Zin and Zout (cont):
Exercise: Delay timer

Description:….
offset voltage:
- This voltage, which is
what is required across the
op-amp's input terminals to
drive the output voltage to
zero.
-It is usually something
caused by the Opamp's
internal
imbalance/mismatch. and
could range from mV to uV.

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