ENDOCRINOLOGY

Prof.DR. Didik Tamtomo,dr PAK, MM, MKK

Pakar Anatomi Kedokteran
HORMONE

A chemical messenger that is produced at

one site and carried by the blood to its site
of action (target cells)
 INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION
Endocrine

Cell Target Cell

Blood
Hormone Hormone

Neuroendocrine

Neuron Target Cell

Blood
Hormone Hormone
Paracrine
Cell Interstitial Fluid Target Cell

Hormon Hormone
e
Autocrine

Cell

Interstitial Fluid
Hormone
 MECHANISM OF HORMONE
ACTION

Hormones produce one or more of the following

cellular changes:

•    Alter plasma membrane permeability

•    Stimulate protein synthesis
•    Activate or deactivate enzyme systems
•    Induce secretory activity
•    Stimulate mitosis
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
 Steroid
- Lipid soluble (diffuse through plasma membrane
because they are made of cholesterol)

 Amino acid (most are this type)

- Activate secondary messengers because the
hormone must 1st bind to the plasma membrane

- Secondary messengers – cAMP, DAG, IP3

SECONDARY MESSENGERS

Hormone activates a G protein

activates phosphatydal inositol biphosphate PIP2

which breaks into Diacyleglycerol DAG + IP3

and inositol triphosphate

These activate calcium release from the E.R. and protein kinases
in the cell which phosphorylates proteins
(adds PO4 )
STEROID HORMONES

Gland/Tissue Hormones
Adrenal Cortex Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens

Testes Testosterone

Ovaries Estrogens, Progesterone

Corpus Luteum Estrogens, Progesterone

Placenta Estrogens, Progesterone

Kidney 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
AMINE HORMONES

Gland/Tissue Hormones
Hypothalamus Dopamine
Thyroid T3 , T 4
Adrenal medulla NE, EPI
 PEPTIDE & PROTEIN HORMONES
Gland/Tissue Hormones Gland/Tissue Hormones
Hypothalamus TRH, GnRH, CRH Placenta HCG, HCS or
GHRH, HPL
Somatostatin,
Anterior pituitary ACTH, TSH, FSH, Kidney Renin
LH, PRL, GH
Posterior pituitary Oxytocin, ADH Heart ANP
Thyroid Calcitonin G.I. tract Gastrin, CCK,
Secretin, GIP,
Somatostatin
Pancreas Insulin,Glucagon
Liver Somatomedin C Adipocyte Leptin
(IGF-1)
Parathyroid PTH Adrenal medulla Norepinephrine,
epinephrine
PITUITARY GLAND
 PITUITARY GLAND HORMONES
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Stimulates adrenal glands to make Cortisol and
aldosterone
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
Causes kidneys to reabsorb more water
preventing dehydration
GH (Growth hormone)
Causes bone and muscle growth
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
(Stimulates thyroid gland to make T3 and T4)
LH (Luitenizing hormone)
Stimulates estrogen & progesterone secretion
from ovaries & testosterone secretion from
testes
FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
Egg & sperm production
Oxytocin
Causes uterine contractions & milk ejection
Prolactin
milk production
MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)
Causes melanin production in skin
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH
HORMONE

• Gigantism
• Acromegaly
• Dwarfism
GIGANTISM
ACROMEGALY
PITUITARY DWARFISM
PINEAL GLAND
 Melatonin (Initiates sleep)
THYROID GLAND
 THYROID HORMONE
T3 (Triiodothyronine) (Controls metabolism)

T4 (Thyroxin)

 Glucose oxidation
•   Increasing metabolic rate
•   Heat production
•    Maintaining blood pressure
•    Regulating tissue growth
•    Developing skeletal and nervous systems
•    Maturation and reproductive capabilities

Calcitonin (Builds up bone to lower blood calcium)

GOITERS
GRAVES DISEASE
CRETINISM
PARATHYROID GLAND
 PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
Breaks down bone to
raise blood calcium
PTH ACTIONS

 Bone
  resorption (  osteoclasts)
  osteocytic osteolysis
 Kidney
  Ca2+ reabsorption
  phosphate reabsorption
  Na+ reabsorption (weak effect)
  1,25-(OH)2-D3
 Intestine
  Ca2+ absorption
  phosphate absorption
THYMUS GLAND
 Thymosin
Controls immune system
PANCREAS
 Insulin
Allows glucose to enter cells;
LOWERS blood glucose
 Glucagon
Stimulates liver to make glucose;
RAISES blood glucose

Islets of Langerhans have two cell types

•    Alpha () cells that produce glucagon
•    Beta () cells that produce insulin
ADRENAL GLANDS
Medulla
a. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Increases: blood glucose, heart rate,
blood pressure, breathing rate, & dilates
bronchioles
b. Nor-epinephrine (nor-adrenaline)
Same as Epinephrine
 Cortex
a. Cortisol
Stress released to increase blood
glucose
b. Aldosterone
Controls salt & water balance
c. Androgens
small amounts of estrogen and
testosterone
MOON FACE
PLETHORA
TESTIS
 Testosterone
Creates male secondary sex
characteristics
OVARIES
 Estrogen
Creates female secondary sex
characteristics

 Progesterone
Thickens the uterus lining each month
HIRSUTISM
TERIMA KASIH