Reciprocating

Reciprocating engines
engines
(internal
(internal combustion)
combustion)
 The
The Stirling
Stirling
Cycle
Cycle
P 3

QH
T=const
2

QL 4
1
v
3 4
T
v=const

2 1 regeneration

a b c d s
 Ericsson
Ericsson cycle
cycle
 same as Stirling cycle
with the P=const processes
substituted for v=const
 should involve regeneration
 impractical
Example 9.9

T 3 4
P=const

regeneration

2 1

s
 Efficiency
Efficiency of
of Stirling
Stirling and
and
Ericsson
Ericsson cycles
cycles with
with
regeneration
regeneration

1st law for this cycle:

energy conversion efficiency is:

QL TL
  1  1
QH TH

Efficiency is the same as for

Carnot Cycle but it would be
much lower if regeneration
were not present
Engine
Engine cross
cross section
section
Cylinder
Cylinder
Valve
Valve
4-stroke
4-stroke engine
engine
4-stroke
4-stroke engine
engine
4-stroke
4-stroke engine
engine
4-stroke
4-stroke engine
engine
Actual
Actual Otto
Otto cycle
cycle

V
 Air-Standard
Air-Standard
Power
Power Cycles
Cycles
 Assumptions:
 we analyse a control mass of
an ideal gas, meaning.....
 exhaust and air intake are
substituted with heat transfer
from the system to the
surroundings
 combustion is replaced by
heat transfer from an external
source to the system
 all processes are internally
reversible, meaning....
 gas specific heat is constant
 Ideal
Ideal Otto
Otto
Cycle
Cycle
Approximates a spark-ignition engine
PP 33

s=const
QH
22 44
11 QL
vv

TT v=const 3
3
QH

44
22
11 QL
ss
 Ideal
Ideal Otto
Otto
Cycle
Cycle (cont.)
(cont.)
1st law for this cycle:

energy conversion efficiency is:

 Ideal
Ideal Otto
Otto
Cycle
Cycle (cont.)
(cont.)
for an isentropic process:

in case of an ideal gas:

compression
ratio
Ideal
Ideal Otto
Otto Cycle
Cycle
(cont.)
(cont.)
 Ideal
Ideal Otto
Otto Cycle
Cycle
(cont.)
(cont.)
Thermal efficiency %

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15
Compression ratio r v
 Otto
Otto Cycle
Cycle (cont.)
(cont.)

Deviations of the Otto cycle

from an open-cycle spark-
ignition engine
 Cp, Cv increase with temperature
 combustion (incomplete)
replaces the heat transfer process
 pressure drop across the exhaust
valves
 heat transfer between the gas and
the cylinder walls
 irreversibility associated with
pressure and temperature
gradients
Closed
Closed Brayton
Brayton
cycle
cycle (cont.)
(cont.)

QH
P 2 3

s=const

1 4
QL
v

T 3'

QH 3'' 3
p=const
2'
4
2
1 4' QL
s
 Efficiency
Efficiency of
of aa
Brayton
Brayton cycle
cycle
1st law for this cycle:

energy conversion efficiency is:

 Efficiency
Efficiency of
of aa
Brayton
Brayton cycle
cycle (cont.)
(cont.)
for an isentropic process:

in case of an ideal gas:

 Efficiency
Efficiency of
of aa
Brayton
Brayton cycle
cycle (cont.)
(cont.)

isentropic
pressure
Example 9.6 ratio

60
Thermal efficiency %

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15
Pressure ratio
 The
The actual
actual gas
gas
turbine
turbine process
process

Example 9.7

T 3

4
2s 2 4s

1
s
 Brayton
Brayton cycle
cycle
with
with regeneration
regeneration
P 2 3

1 y 4

T 3'

2' x
2 4
1 y
a b c d s
 Efficiency
Efficiency of
of aa
regenerative
regenerative cycle
cycle

for an ideal regenerator:

so:
 Efficiency
Efficiency of
of aa
regenerative
regenerative cycle
cycle

T1  T2 T1  1
 1 
T4  T3 T4  1
for an isentropic process:

T1
 1 
T4
 Closed
Closed Brayton
Brayton
cycle
cycle
QH

heat
exchanger
3
2
Wnet
compressor turbine

1 4
heat
exchanger

QL
 Open
Open Brayton
Brayton cycle
cycle
Gas turbine cycle

combustion
chamber
fuel

Wnet
compressor turbine

air intake exhaust

 Brayton
Brayton cycle
cycle
with
with regeneration
regeneration

exhaust regenerator

y x

air fuel 3
intake
2 combustion
1
chamber Wnet

compressor
turbine
 Modified
Modified Brayton
Brayton
cycle
cycle
 multi-stage compression with
intercooling
 multi-stage expansion with
reheat

6 8
T
5
7 9
4 2
10
3 1
s
 Modified
Modified Brayton
Brayton
cycle
cycle
combustion
chamber

10 regenerator 9
exhaust

5
air
intake
4
1 fuel
6 7 8
compressors

2 3 turbines

intercooler
 Brayton
Brayton cycle
cycle for
for
jet
jet propulsion
propulsion

combustion
chamber
fuel

3
air
intake
2 4
1 5

compressor exhaust
turbine

Example 9.10
The
The Diesel
Diesel
Cycle
Cycle
Ideal cycle for the Diesel engine
P 3'

QH s=const
3 3''
2
4'
4
1 QL
v

T P=const 3'' 3'

v=const 3 4'
2 4
2'
1

a b c s
 The
The Diesel
Diesel
Cycle
Cycle (cont.)
(cont.)
1st law for this cycle:

energy conversion efficiency is: