Professional Documents
Culture Documents
to the WTO
Visit to the WTO
Study Tour Russian Member Universities of
UNCTAD’s Vi Network
14 April 2010
Gerardo T. Thielen
Counsellor
Institute for Training
and Technical Cooperation
gerardo.thielen@wto.org
From GATT to WTO
2
WTO: What is it?
An international Organization:
5
WTO: What is its purpose?
WTO Objectives:
Raising standards of living
Ensuring full employment
Ensuring growth of real income and
demand
Expanding production and trade
Sustainable development
Protection of the environment
6
WTO: What is its purpose?
WTO Functions:
Administer and implement the WTO
agreements
Forum for negotiations
Administer Settlement of Disputes
Administer Trade Policy Review Mechanism
Technical Assistance to developing countries
7
WTO: How does it work?
Set of rules
The negotiated legal rules included in
the various WTO agreements cover the
following topics:
Trade in Goods
Trade in Services
Trade-related aspects of intellectual
property rights
Dispute Settlement
Trade Policy Reviews
9
Marrakesh Agreement
Annex 1
Annex 1A Agreement on Trade in Goods
General Interpretative Note
GATT 1994
- 6 Understandings (on the interpretation of
various GATT provisions)
- Marrakesh Protocol to the GATT 1994
+ Schedules of Tariff Concessions
Specific Agreements (11)
Annex 1B Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
Schedules of specific commitments
MFN exemptions
Annex 1C Trade-related aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS)
! Refer also to pertinent Convention on Intellectual
Property Rights (WIPO)
10
Marrakesh Agreement
Annex 2 Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing
the Settlement of Disputes
Annex 3 Trade Policy Review Mechanism
Annex 4 Plurilateral Trade Agreements
Agreements hierarchy
11
WTO: How does it work?
WTO Structure
Appellate
Ministerial Conference
Body
TPRB General Council DSB Dispute
Settlement
Panels
Goods Council Services Council
CTD (Development)
Committees Committees CTE (Environment)
CRTA (Regionalism)
BOP
TRIPS Budget
Council WG (Accessions,
Investment, competition,
Director-General Government
Secretariat Procurement)
13
WTO: How does it work?
Secretariat
14
WTO: How does it work?
Decision making
Member-driven organisation
Consensus (GATT practice), even if
voting procedures exist
Consensus when no Member formally
object to a decision
“Negative” consensus
16
WTO: How does it work?
Meetings
17
WTO Coverage
GATT 1994 Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods
GATT 1947
Rectifications, amendments and modifications
which entered into force before 1.1.1995
(Protocols, Decisions of the CONTRACTING
PARTIES).
Protocols of Accession (to GATT)
Understandings on (Art. II:1b, XVII, XXIV, XXVIII,
BOP provisions, Waivers)
Marrakesh Protocol Schedules of Tariff Concessions
Agreements on PSI
Rules of Origin
Agriculture Safeguards
Textiles and Clothing
Import Licensing
TRIMs Customs Valuation
Antidumping TBT
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures SPS
Decisions, Declarations
18
WTO Coverage
General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATS
PART I (Scope and Definitions)
PART II (General Obligations and Disciplines)
PART III (Specific Commitments) Schedules on Specific Commitments
PART IV (Progressive Liberalization)
PART V (Institutional Provisions)
ANNEXES
Annex on Article II (MFN) exemptions) Lists of Art. II (MFN) Exemptions
Annex on Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services under the GATS
3rd Protocol (1995)
Annex on Air Transport Services
Annex on Financial Services 2nd, 5th Protocol (1995, 1997)
Second Annex on Financial Services
Annex on Negotiations on Maritime Transport Services
Annex on Telecommunications
Annex on Negotiations on Basic Telecommunications 4th Protocol (1997)
Decisions, Declarations
19
WTO Coverage
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
TRIPS
PART I (General Provisions and Basic Principles)
PART II (Standards concerning the availability, scope and use of IPR)
Section 1: Copyright and Related Rights
Section 2: Trademarks
Section 3: Geographical Indications
Section 4: Industrial Designs
Section 5: Patents
Section 6: Layout-designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits
Section 7: Protection of Undisclosed Information (Trade Secrets)
Section 8: Control of Anti-competitive Practices in Contractual Licenses
PART III (Enforcement of IPR)
PART IV (Acquisition and Maintenance of IPR and related Inter Partes Procedures)
PART V (Dispute Prevention and Settlement)
PART VI (Transitional Arrangements)
PART VII (Institutional arrangements: Final Provisions)
Decisions, Declarations
20
Evolution of WTO framework
Decisions and Declarations (few examples)
1996 Singapore ministerial conference
Singapore Topics
Trade Facilitation, Investments, Competition,
Transparency in Government Procurement
« Information Technology » Initiative
22
Doha Development Agenda
29
Doha Development Agenda
April 2008: DG signals start of “horizontal
process”
May 2008: Services Chair issues report and
draft text
Since July 2007: Draft texts, and revisions, on
modalities for Agriculture and NAMA
circulated by the chairmen
(2008...2009...2010)
30
Doha Development Agenda
March 2010: “We are not where we wanted to be by now”
Sense of frustration at the slow pace of the negotiations, but there is a clear
catalogue of gaps
Picture is more blurred is regarding the size of some of these gaps (Blue Box in
agriculture or in Trade Facilitation). Size of gaps much less clear in NAMA or Fishery
Subsidies.
Next steps: mix of technical and political preparations to start devising the
contours of a package
Need to build on what is already on the table (Chairs' texts), avoid backtracking,
and maintaining the development dimension of the Round.