|




 


|
 
 

—

2 branches of the adaptive immune
system
`













 
- takes
place in body fluids;   secrete
antibodies that ³attack´ antigens














 
 ± takes
place between the   and antigens
(infected, cancerous or other types of
cells.
 s


È











± (foreign invader) a substance that

is recognized as foreign or ³nonself´ by the
immune system. May be a whole microorganism
or a portion of it.
È


















- (defensive weapon) a Y-
shaped protein which is produced & secreted by B
cells in response to a specific antigen. Antibodies
bind to & contribute to the destruction of antigens.
 |tructural & chemical
characteristics of antibodies
1. Also called





















2. highly specific proteins that interact with only




antigenic determinant (












) on an antigen
3. serve as

















receptors for B cells
4. each Ab has


identical binding sites for











5. a typical Ab monomer has


protein chains
a. 2 identical Light (L) chains
b. 2 identical Heavy (H) chains
6. each H & L chains has a variable region & a constant
region
—

þ
  
 - located at the end of the Y arms
account for ability to bind specific Ag
thousands of possibilities



 - located at the stem & lower parts of
the Y arms



major types of constant H regions ( G,M,A,D,E)



major types of constant L regions ( kappa, lambda)
stem of the Y called Fc region
Fc can bind to host cells
Fc of G & M classes of Ab can activate complement
Table 15.2
haracteristics of each of the 5
classes of antibodies
1. IgG
± cross placenta & confer passive immunity to fetus
± trigger complement system

2. IgM
È pentamer ± 5 monomers & a J chain
± trigger complement system
± first antibody to appear after initial exposure to Ag
3. IgA
± high amounts are in mucous, saliva, & breast milk
± secretory IgA ± dimmer- 2 monomers & a J chain & a
secretory component
± main function is to prevent attachment of pathogens to
mucous membranes
4. IgD
± acts as antigen receptor on B cells
± No known function in serum
5.IgE
± bound to mast cells & basophils by Fc end, serve as Ag
receptors & binding causes release of histamine &
chemicals á 

± useful against parasitic worms
—

s



 
 
s



 

 Wh
h 

  
 



`




















 
  



h


  

 



























'
 
 
   
m





















 s




h
h  h



r


















h  h



—

Rrimary vs |econdary immune
responses
s
 




 
s 






Rrimary immune response |econdary immune response
È |lower È Faster
È eak response È |trong response
È Few specific B & T cells È More specific B & T cells
È Few antibodies made È Lots of IgG made quickly
È Basis for vaccines &
booster shots
ell mediated immunity
 
 How does the ellular Immune |ystem
distinguish between ³self´ and ³nonself´?
È All body cells have Major Histocompatability
omplex (MH) class I proteins on their surfaces
that mark the cells as ³self´
È Immune system tries to destroy anything that does
not have class I proteins because they are ³nonself´,
or antigens






 


 
 


—




Body cell




 T cells
È Derived from bone marrow and mature in the
thymus
È Make up






 of circulating lymphocytes
È Each has a T cell antigen receptor which recognizes
a peptide bound to a self MH molecule
È Do not recognize soluble,













antigen
È Antigen must be displayed on surface of an antigen
presenting cell like a B cell or macrophage










 3 Types of T cells

6
  Co c o of e sys e
c e o e cells of e sys e
Cy o o c T8 es oy e cells o co c

Re l o y T off e espo ses

Self ole ce
 ytokines
È hemical messengers of the immune cells
È |ignal cells to move into area, become
active, replicate, etc.
È used to communicate among Bs
± Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
± Interferon (IFN)
± Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
 „
„   „


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