IMS - DB

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SESSION 1 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
SESSION 2 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
SESSION 3 SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENTS (SSAs)
SESSION 4 COBOL BASICS FOR IMS
SESSION 5 DL/I CALLS
SESSION 6 COMMAND CODES
SESSION 7 DL/I CALLS EXERCISE
SESSION 8 LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
SESSION 9 DB RECOVERY/RESTART
SESSION 10 EFFICIENT PROGRAMMING TIPS
SESSION 11 COMMON IMS ABENDS

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 SESSION 1

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS - INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

DEVELOPED IN 1968 BY IBM

DATA LANGUAGE-I (DL/I) WAS DEVELOPED AS A INTERFACE

BETWEEN APPLICATION CODE AND DATA IN IMS DATABASE

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE

ROOT SEGMENT (PARENT)

FOLLOWS INVERTED TREE STRUCTURE

A2 -- Level 1
A1 EACH BOX IN THE HIERARCHY REPRESENTS
A SEGMENT

SEGMENT OCCURRNCES
ROOT SEGMENT WILL BE ON TOP

EACH SEGMENT (EXCEPT ROOT SEGMENT)

B3
IS DIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON ONLY ONE

B1
B2
C1 D1 SEGMENT
-- Level 2

DEPENDENT SEGMENTS
TWIN SEGMENTS

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

SEGMENT IS THE SMALLEST INFORMATION THAT DL/I CAN FETCH

EACH SEGMENT WILL HAVE UNIQUE 8 CHARACTER (MAX) NAME

SEGMENTS ARE MADE UP OF 1 OR MORE FIELDS

FIELD IS THE SMALLEST UNIT THAT DL/I CAN HANDLE

EACH FIELD WILL HAVE MAX 8 CHARACTER NAME

SEGMENT TYPE vs SEGMENT OCCURRENCE

SEGMENT OCCURRENCE IS A PARTICULAR INSTANCE OF A
SEGMENT TYPE

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

TWO TYPES OF FIELDS

KEY FIELDS

SEARCH FIELDS

KEY FIELD IS USED TO SEQUENCE DATABASE AND IT CAN NOT BE

CHANGED

BOTH TYPES OF FIELDS CAN BE USED TO SEARCH DATABASE

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
TYPES OF SEGMENTS

ROOT A SEGMENT WITHOUT PARENT

A SEGMENT WITH ONE OR MORE DEPENDENT SEGMENTS
PARENT
DIRECTLY UNDER IT
A SEGMENT WHICH IS DIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON ANOTHER
CHILD
SEGMENT

ALL SEGMENTS UNDER A PARTICULAR SEGMENT OF THE

DEPENDENT
DATABASE
ALL OCCURRENCES (2 OR MORE) OF A SEGMENT TYPE
TWIN
UNDER A PARENT
OCCURRENCES OF DIFFERENT SEGMENT TYPES UNDER
SIBLINGS A PARENT

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
Continued ...
EXERCISE - 1
1

2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

1. WHICH SEGMENTS ARE DEPENDENT ON SEGMENT 4?

2. WHICH SEGMENTS ARE CHILD SEGMENTS OF SEGMENT 1?
3. WHICH SEGMENTS ARE DEPENDENT SEGMENTS OF SEGMENT 1?
4. HOW MANY LEVELS?

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
Continued ...

DATABASE RECORD

ONE OCCURRENCE OF A ROOT SEGMENT ALONG WITH ALL ITS DEPENDENT

SEGMENTS

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IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
Continued ...

EXERCISE-2

HOW MANY DATABASE RECORDS?

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
Continued ...

IMS DATABASE LIMITATIONS

IMS SUPPORTS
15 LEVELS
255 SEGMENTS
1000 FIELDS

NO LIMITATION ON NUMBER OF SEGMENT OCCURRENCES.

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
Continued ...

IMS ENVIRONMENT

DL/I FORMS BRIDGE BETWEEN App Prog

APPLICATION PROGRAM AND IMS
DATABASE

DB PCB I/O PCB

interface interface
DL/I IS DATABASE MANAGER. IT
CONSISTS OF IMS PROGRAM
MODULES THAT RUN EXTERNAL TO
APPLICATION PROGRAM DL/I DC

DL/I ALLOWS SEQUENTIAL OR

RANDOM PROCESSING OF DATABASE
Database Terminal

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
Continued ...

IMS ENVIRONMENT

MODES OF PROCESSING
BATCH DL/I MODE
MPP MODE
BMP MODE

ONLINE BATCH

MPP BMP DL/I

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
Continued ...

IMS ENVIRONMENT

BATCH DL/I
TRUE BATCH PROCESSING
NO DATA COMMUNICATION SERVICES ARE USED
DATABASES ACCESSED MUST BE OFFLINE

MPP (MESSAGE PROCESSING PROGRAM)

TRUE ONLINE PROCESSING
TRANSACTION ARE ENTERED AT TERMINAL AND STORED IN MESSAGE
QUEUE
DATABASES ACCESSED MUST BE ONLINE

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 IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
Continued ...

IMS ENVIRONMENT
BMP (BATCH MESSAGE PROCESSING)

TWO TYPES

1. TRANSACTION ORIENTED:
CAN READ & WRITE TO ONLINE MESSAGE QUEUES
CAN PROCESS ONLINE FILES AND DATABASES

2. BATCH ORIENTED:
CAN ONLY READ MESSAGE QUEUES
ACCESS ONLINE DATABASES IN BATCH MODE

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 SESSION 2

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DATABASE DESCRIPTION (DBD)

DEFINES THE LAYOUT OF THE DATABASE
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR DEFINES LAYOUT USING DBDGEN
MACRO

PROGRAM SPECIFICATION BLOCK (PSB)

DEFINES THE PROGRAMS VIEW OF THE DATABASE AND APPLICATION
PROGRAMS ACCESS AUTHORITY TO DATABASE
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR / PROGRAMMER DEFINES THIS USING
PSBGEN MACRO

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

DATA BASE DESCRIPTION (DBD)

STATEMENTS IN DBD MACRO

STATEMENT DESCRIPTION
DBD SPECIFIES DATABASE NAME, ACCESS METHOD
DATASET SPECIFIES DD NAME TO BE USED IN JCL, DISK TYPE
SEGM SPECIFIES SEGMENT NAME,SEGMENT LENGTH, PARENT
FIELD SPECIFIES FIELD NAME, LENGTH, STARTING POSITION
IDENTIFIES A FIELD AS KEY OR SEARCH FIELD

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

SAMPLE DBDGEN

PRINT NOGEN
DBD NAME=VENDOR,ACCESS=HDAM
DATASET DD1=VEND,DEVICE=3380
SEGM NAME=VENSEG,PARENT=0,BYTES=10
FIELD NAME=(VENCODE,SEQ,U),BYTES=10,START=1,TYPE=C
SEGM NAME=ITEMSEG,PARENT=VENSEG,BYTES=5
FIELD NAME=(ITEMCODE,SEQ,U),BYTES=5,START=1,TYPE=C
SEGM NAME=LOCNSEG,PARENT=ITEMSEG,BYTES=9
FIELD NAME=(LOCNCODE,SEQ),BYTES=3,START=1,TYPE=C
FIELD NAME=ORDDATE,BYTES=6,START=4,TYPE=C
DBDGEN
FINISH
END

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

DATATYPES USED IN DBDGEN

TYPE DESCRIPTION COBOL PICTURE

C Character (Default) X
P Packed Decimal COMP-3
Z Zoned Decimal S9
H Half Word Binary 9(4) COMP
F Full Word Binary 9(8) COMP

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

CAN WE DEFINE OVERLAPPING FIELDS?

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

PROGRAM SPECIFICATION BLOCK (PSB)

MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE PROGRAM COMMUNICATION BLOCKS (PCBs)

DB PCB - DEFINES PROGRAM’S VIEW OF A IMS DATABASE

WHENEVER A DATABASE VIEW DEFINED BY THE PCB IS ACCESSED BY A

CALL, THE RESULTS OF CALL ARE PASSED THROUGH THE PCB TO
PROGRAM

PSB IS GENERATED BY PSBGEN MACRO

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

PCB GIVES LOGICAL VIEW OF A DATABASE

PORTION OF DATABASE THAT THE PROGRAM PROCESSES IS CALLED

APPLICATION DATA STRUCTURE
DATABASE PCB

A A

B C C

D E E

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

SAMPLE PSBGEN

PRINT NOGEN
PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=VENDOR,KEYLEN=15,PROCOPT=LS
SENSEG NAME=VENSEG
SENSEG NAME=ITEMSEG,PARENT=VENSEG
PSBGEN
END

• KEYLEN IS THE LENGTH OF CONCATENATED KEY

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

PROCOPTS IN PSB DEFINES SECURITY LEVEL FOR THE PROGRAM

PROCOPT DESCRIPTION
G Get or Read
I Insert
R Replace
D Delete
A All Options (G, I, R, D)
L Initial Load
LS Sequential Initial Load
K Access only Key of segment
O Used with G to Indicate that Hold is not allowed
P Path Calls

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

APPLICATION PROGRAM CAN HAVE MULTIPLE VIEWS OF A DATABASE BY

USING SEPARATE PCBS FOR A SINGLE DATABASE

PSB
PCB1 PCB2

PCB3 PCB4

DBD1 DBD2 DBD3

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

PRINT NOGEN
PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=VENDOR,KEYLEN=15
SENSEG NAME=VENSEG,PROCOPT=G
SENSEG NAME=ITEMSEG,PARENT=VENSEG,PROCOPT=R
SENSEG NAME=LOCNSEG,PARENT=ITEMSEG,PROCOPT=A
PSBGEN
END

1. LIST THE SEGMENTS THAT MAY BE UPDATED USING THIS PSB

2. LIST THE SEGMENTS THAT CANNOT BE UPDATED
3. GIVE THE VALID PROCOPT TO BE CODED FOR ADDING AND
REPLACING RECORDS IN LOCATION SEGMENT

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 DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...

EMPDATA

WORKDATA DEPTDATA BENDATA

BASED ON THE ABOVE VIEW OF DATABASE FILL IN THE MISSING PIECES

OF PCB
PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=EMPDB,KEYLEN=16,PROCOPT=G
SENSEG NAME=_________________,PARENT=_____________________
SENSEG NAME=_________________,PARENT=_____________________
SENSEG NAME=_________________,PARENT=_____________________
SENSEG NAME=_________________,PARENT=_____________________
PSBGEN LANG=COBOL,PSBNAME=EMPPSBY
END

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 SESSION 3

SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENT

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 SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENT

THE SSA IS AN AREA IN WORKING STORAGE USED TO IDENTIFY THE

SEGMENT TO WHICH ACCESS IS REQUIRED

IT IS AN OPTIONAL DL/I CALL PARAMETER THAT QUALIFIES A CALL BY

SPECIFIYING A PARTICULAR SEGMENT TYPE OR OCCURRENCE

WHEN SPECIFIED IN A DL/I CALL

THE SSA ALWAYS FOLLOWS I/O PARAMETER
THERE MAY BE 1 TO 15 SSAs IN A CALL STATEMENT
THE SSAs MUST APPEAR IN HIERARCHICAL ORDER BY SEGMENT TYPE
THE SSA CONTAINS INFORMATION TO OBTAIN THE REQUIRED SEGMENT.
THE INFORMATION COULD BY SEGMENT NAME OR SEGMENT NAME &
SEGMENT KEY OR SEGMENT NAME & SEARCH FIELD

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 ContinuedARGUMENT
SEGMENT SEARCH ...

WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MAX 15 SSA?

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 ContinuedARGUMENT
SEGMENT SEARCH ...

TYPES OF SSAS

UNQUALIFIED
SEARCHES FOR A SPECIFIC SEGMENT TYPE

QUALIFIED
SEARCHES FOR A SPECIFIC SEGMENT OCCURRENCE
MORE EFFICIENT THAN UNQUALIFIED SSA

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 ContinuedARGUMENT
SEGMENT SEARCH ...

UNQUALIFIED SSA
WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION.
WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION
…………..
01 HISTORY-SSA.
05 SEGMENT-NAME PIC X(8) VALUE ‘HISTORY ‘.
05 FILLER PIC X(1) VALUE SPACE.

Blank in 9th position or ‘*’ in 9th position ‘-‘ in position 10 and a blank in position 11

H I S T O R Y

H I S T O R Y * -

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 ContinuedARGUMENT
SEGMENT SEARCH ...

QUALIFIED SSA

WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION.
WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION
…………..
01 SSA-EMPLOYEE.
03 SEGMENT-NAME PIC X(8) VALUE ‘EMPLOYEE’
03 COMMAND-CODE PIC X(2) VALUE ‘*-’.
03 BEGIN-QUALIFY PIC X(1) VALUE ‘(‘.
03 KEY-NAME PIC X(8) VALUE ‘EMPKEY ‘.
03 OPERATOR PIC X(2) VALUE ‘ =‘.
03 KEY-VALUE PIC X(12) .
03 END-QUALIFY PIC X(1) VALUE ‘)‘.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
…..
MOVE ‘123456789000’ TO KEY-VALUE.
CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING FUNC-CODE, PCB-MASK-1, IO-AREA, SSA-EMPLOYEE.

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 ContinuedARGUMENT
SEGMENT SEARCH ...

OPERATORS USED IN QUALIFIED SSA

OPERATOR SYMBOLS

Equal to ‘EQ’, ‘= ‘, ‘ =‘

Not Equal to ‘NE’, ‘¬=‘, ‘=¬’

Less than ‘LT’, ‘< ‘, ‘ <‘

Less than or Equal to ‘LE’, ‘<=‘, ‘=<‘

Greater than ‘GT’, ‘> ‘, ‘ >’

Greater than or Equal to ‘GE’, ‘>=‘, ‘=>’

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 ContinuedARGUMENT
SEGMENT SEARCH ...

COMMAND CODES

COMMAND CODES INCREASE THE FUNCTIONALITY OF IMS CALLS

COMMAND CODES ARE DESIGNATED BY AN ASTERISK ‘*’ FOLLOWED BY
CHARACTERS

NOTE: Detailed description of Command codes will be covered in Session

“COMMAND CODES”

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 SESSION 4

COBOL BASICS FOR IMS

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 COBOL BASICS FOR IMS

DATA DIVISION
IN A COBOL-IMS PROGRAM. THE FIRST SECTION TO CONTAIN ANY IMS RELATED
COMPONENTS IS THE WORKING STORAGE SECTION

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION FUNCTION CODES

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION I/O AREA

DATA DIVISION SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENTS

FILE SECTION
WORKING STORAGE SECTION PCB MASKS
LINKAGE SECTION

PROCEDURE DIVISION

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 COBOL BASICS
ContinuedFOR
... IMS

FUNCTION CODES
A FUNCTION CODE IS A 4 BYTE CODE TO TELL DL/I WHAT KIND OF CALL THE
PROGRAM IS MAKING
SOME VALID FUNCTION CODES ARE
GU - GET UNIQUE
GN - GET NEXT
GNP - GET NEXT WITHIN PARENT
GHU - GET HOLD UNIQUE
GHN - GET HOLD NEXT
GHNP - GET HOLD NEXT WITHIN PARENT
DLET - DELETE
REPL - REPLACE
ISRT - INSERT
XRST - EXTENDED RESTART
CHKP - CHECKPOINT

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 COBOL BASICS
ContinuedFOR
... IMS

INPUT/OUTPUT AREA

IS A STANDARD RECORD DESCRIPTION IN THE WORKING STORAGE SECTION

WHICH HOLDS DATABASE SEGMENTS FOR MANIPULATION

IS USED BY DL/I TO PASS SEGMENTS TO THE PROGRAM

CAN BE USED BY PROGRAMMER TO ADD OR REPLACE SEGMENT DATA

MUST BE EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THE LENGTH OF THE LONGEST

SEGMENT TO BE USED BY THE PROGRAM

IN CASES WHERE MULTIPLE SEGMENTS OF A HIERARCHY ARE UPDATED OR

RETRIEVED, THE I/O AREA MUST BE LARGE ENOUGH TO HOLD THE LARGEST
CONCATENATION OF THESE SEGMENTS

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 COBOL BASICS
ContinuedFOR
... IMS

THE PCB MASK

USED IN LINKAGE SECTION

LINKAGE SECTION
01 DB-PCB-1.
03 DBD-NAME PIC X(8).
03 SEG-LEVEL PIC X(2).
03 STATUS-CODE PIC X(2).
03 PROC-OPTIONS PIC X(4).
03 IMS-RESERVED PIC S9(5) COMP.
03 SEG-NAME PIC X(8).
03 KEY-LEN PIC S9(5) COMP.
03 NUM-SENS-SEGS PIC S9(5) COMP.
03 KEY-FEEDBACK PIC X(??). <= length depends on segment key

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 COBOL BASICS
ContinuedFOR
... IMS

THE PCB MASK

THERE SHOULD BE ATLEAST ONE PCB FOR EACH DATABASE USED

STATUS CODE OF PCB MASK EXPLAINS WHETHER A CALL IS SUCCESSFUL

OR NOT

THE SEQUENCE IN WHICH PCB MASKS ARE DEFINED IN LINKAGE SECTION

NEED NOT BE SAME AS THAT IN PSBGEN MACRO

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 COBOL BASICS
ContinuedFOR
... IMS

PROCEDURE DIVISION
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION
ENTRY ‘DLITCBL’ USING DB-PCB-1, DB-PCB-2. <= Sequence should match that of
:::::::::::: PSB Macro
::::::::::::
CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING WS-PARM-COUNT, <= Optional
WS-FUNCTION-CODE,
DB-PCB-MASK,
IO-AREA,
SSA-1, SSA-2, SSA-3, ….
::::::::::
::::::::::
GOBACK.

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 COBOL BASICS
ContinuedFOR
... IMS

RUN JCL EXECUTES THE BATCH PROCESSOR

DFSRRC00 AND PASSES THE APPLICATION
RUN JCL PROGRAM NAME AND PSBNAME AS
PARAMETERS
ENTRY DLITCBL PASSES THE PCB ADDRESS
PROGRAM NAME TO THE PROGRAM
PSB NAME

CBLTDLI ACCEPTS PARAMETERS LIKE

FUNCTION CODE, I/O AREA AND SSA TO DO
DL/I IMS THE NECESSARY DATABASE OPERATIONS
DATABASE AND RETURNS DATA AND STATUS CODES
DESCRIBING THE SUCCESS OF THE CALL
DLITCBL

CBLTDLI

GOBACK GOBACK IN THE COBOL PROGRAM TAKES THE

CONTROL BACKTO DL/I WHICH PERFORMS IMS
FILES CLOSING AND TERMINATES THE BATCH
STEP. “STOP RUN” SHOULD NEVER BE USED
APPLICATION
AS IT WILL NOT FREE RESOURCES
PROGRAM

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SESSION 5

DL/I CALLS

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 DL/I CALLS

DL/I RETRIEVAL CALLS

ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS WILL BE USED IN A RETRIEVAL DL/I CALL

GU - GET UNIQUE
GN - GET NEXT
GNP - GET NEXT WITHIN PARENT

WHEN A RETRIEVAL IS DONE WITH AN INTENT TO UPDATE OR DELETE

RECORDS, THE ABOVE FUNCTION CODES WILL BE PREFIXED WITH ‘HOLD’
GHU - GET HOLD UNIQUE
GHN - GET HOLD NEXT
GHNP - GET HOLD NEXT WITHIN PARENT

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

GET UNIQUE
CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GU ‘, PCB-MASK,
SEGMENT-IO-AREA
SEGMENTA*-(AKEY=1)
SEGMENTB*-(BKEY=2)
SEGMENTD*-(DKEY=6)
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTD WITH DKEY=6 WILL BE IN SEGMENT-IO-AREA
1 AKEY

EKEY
11
7
BKEY
2 8

6
4 10
3 5 9
CKEY DKEY FKEY
EXERCISE: WRITE A GU TO RETRIEVE FKEY=10
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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

WHAT WILL BE THE OUTPUT OF A GU CALL WITH NO SSA?

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

GET NEXT
RETREIVAL SEQUENCE
TOP TO BOTTOM
AKEY
FRONT TO BACK 1

LEFT TO RIGHT

7 11 EKEY
2 BKEY 8
GA

6
4 10
3 5 9
GK
DKEY FKEY
CKEY

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GN ‘, PCB-MASK,

SEG-IO-AREA,
SEGMENTA*-(AKEY=1)
SEGMENTE*-(EKEY=8)
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTE WITH EKEY=8 WILL BE IN PROGRAM I/O AREA

1 AKEY

7 11 EKEY
2 BKEY 8

6
4 10
3 5 9 FKEY
DKEY
CKEY
EXERCISE: WHAT WILL BE THE RESULTS OF FOUR CONSEQUETIVE GNs AFTER EKEY=8 IS RETRIEVED

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

GET NEXT WITHIN PARENT

CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GN ’, LS-PCB-MASK, SEGMENT-IO-AREA,
SEGMENTA*-(AKEY=1)
SEGMENTB*-(BKEY=2)
CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GNP ‘, LS-PCB-MASK, SEGMENT-IO-AREA
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTC WITH CKEY=3 WILL BE IN SEGMENT-IO-AREA
AKEY
1

7 11 EKEY
2 BKEY 8

6
4 10
3 5 9
DKEY
CKEY FKEY

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

WHAT WILL BE THE OUTPUT IF GNP IS DONE 4 MORE TIMES IN

PREVIOUS EXAMPLE?

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

PATH CALLS EXERCISE

CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GN ‘, LS-PCB-MASK, WS-SEG-IO-AREA,

SEGMENTA*D(AKEY=1)
SEGMENTF*-(FKEY=10)
WHAT WILL BE THE RESULT AFTER SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THE ABOVE
CALL?
1

7 11 EKEY
2 BKEY 8

6
4 10
3 5 9
DKEY
CKEY FKEY

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

GET HOLD CALLS (GHU/GHN/GHNP)

FUNCTIONS IDENTICAL TO GU/GN/GNP

INDICATES THE REQUESTED SEGMENT(S) MAY BE DELETED OR REPLACED

FORCING IMS TO PUT A LOCK ON THESE SEGMENTS WHICH WILL BE
RELEASED ONLY AFTER ANOTHER CALL BY SAME PCB

THIS ENSURES DATA INTEGRITY

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

DELETE/REPLACE CALLS

MUST HAVE BEEN OBTAINED WITH A GET HOLD CALL (GHU, GHN, GHNP)

NO INTERVENING CALLS BETWEEN GET HOLD CALL AND REPLACE/DELETE

CALLS

MULTIPLE REPLACE ALLOWED AFTER GET HOLD

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

DELETE CALL
CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GHU ‘, LS-PCB-MASK, WS-SEGMENT-IO-AREA
SEGMENTA*-(AKEY=1)
SEGMENTB*-(BKEY=2)
CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘DLET’, LS-PCB-MASK
1

7 11 EKEY
2 BKEY 8

6
4 10
3 5 9
DKEY
CKEY
WHAT WILL BE THE RESULT IF THE FIRST GHU CALL IS SEGMENTA*D(AKEY=1)?

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

REPLACE (REPL)
UPDATE CONTENTS OF A SEGMENT
KEY FIELD MAY NOT BE ALTERED
SSAs ARE NOT USED NORMALLY
COMMAND CODES
D - TO REPLACE PATH OF SEGMENTS
N - TO EXCLUDE SEGMENTS FROM PATH
STATUS CODES
DA - TRYING TO CHANGE KEY
DJ - NO PRECEDING GET HOLD CALL
RX - REPLACE RULE VIOLATION

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GHU ‘, LS-PCB-MASK, WS-IO-AREA,
SEGMENTA*-(AKEY=1)
SEGMENTB*-(BKEY=2)
SEGMENTC*-(CKEY=3)
Change contents of WS-IO-AREA
CALL ‘CBLTDLI USING ‘REPL’, LS-PCB-MASK, WS-IO-AREA
WILL RESULT IN UPDATE OF SEGMENTC

11 EKEY
7
2 BKEY 8

6
4 10
3 5 9
DKEY
CKEY FKEY

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

INSERT (ISRT)

TWO MODES OF INSERT

LOAD MODE - FOR INITIAL LOADING OF DATABASE
UPDATE MODE - ADD TO EXISTING DATABASE
LOAD MODE:
MODE
FOR LOAD MODE PROCOPT = L or LS MUST BE SPECIFIED IN PSB
PROCOPT=L LOADS DATABASE BUT NOT NECESSARILY IN
SEQUENTIAL ORDER

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

INSERT (ISRT)

UPDATE MODE:
MODE
FOR UPDATE MODE PROCOPT=I or IS MUST BE SPECIFIED IN PSB
PROCOPT=I INSERTS SEGMENTS IN SEQ OR RANDOM ORDER
PROCOPT=IS ADDS NEW SEGMENTS ONLY IN ASCENDING ORDER

COMMAND CODES
“F” OR “L” - OVERRIDES INSERT RULE
“D” - INSERT PATH OF SEGMENTS

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

MOVE DATA FOR SEGMENTE INTO WS-SEGMENT-IO-AREA WITH EKEY=99

CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘ISRT’, LS-PCB-MASK, WS-SEGMENT-IO-AREA,
SEGMENTA*-(AKEY=1)
SEGMENTE
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTE WITH EKEY=99 IS INSERTED

99
11 EKEY
7
2 BKEY 8

6
4 10
3 5 9
DKEY
CKEY FKEY

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
SOME COMMON STATUS CODES

STATUS CODE DESCRIPTION CALL TYPES

SPACES SUCCESSFUL CALL ALL CALLS

AC CALL HAS SSA WITH A HIERARCHICAL ERROR ALL GET CALLS
ISRT
AI ERROR WHILE OPENING DATABASE. COMMON CAUSE IS ALL CALLS
LOADING A DATABASE WHICH IS NOT EMPTY OR DO
OTHER THAN LOAD PROCESSING ON EMPTY DATABASE
AJ CALL SPECIFIES AN INVALID SSA ALL CALLS
AK FIELD NAMED IN A QUALIFIED SSA IS NOT CORRECT ALL GET CALLS
ISRT
DA SEQUENCE FIELD IS CHANGED REPL

DJ CALL IS NOT PRECEDED BY A SUCCESSFUL GET HOLD DLET

CALL REPL
GA A HIGHER LEVEL SEGMENT IS RETRIEVED IN SEQUENTIAL GN, GNP
PROCESSING

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 DL/I CALLS
Continued ...

SOME COMMON STATUS CODES

STATUS CODE DESCRIPTION CALL TYPES

GB END OF DATA BASE WAS REACHED DURING SEQUENTIAL GN

RETRIEVAL
GE SPECIFIED SEGMENT NOT FOUND ALL GET CALLS
ISRT
GK A SEGMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPE, BUT AT THE SAME GN, GNP
LEVEL IS RETRIEVED DURING SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING
GP PROPER PARENTAGE IS NOT IN EFFECT GNP
II DUPLICATE INSERT ISRT

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 SESSION 6

COMMAND CODES

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 COMMAND CODES

ONE OR MORE COMMAND CODES CAN BE USED IN SSA

EACH COMMAND CODE IS REPRESENTED BY A SINGLE CHARACTER

FOLLOWING AN ASTERISK AFTER SEGMENT NAME

H I S T O R Y * -

DL/I CONSIDERS ALL CHARACTERS FOLLOWING ‘*’ TO BE COMMAND

CODES TILL IT ENCOUNTERS A BLANK OR ‘(‘

RESULTS IN MINIMIZING THE NUMBER OF CALLS AND HENCE IMPROVE

PROGRAM EFFICIENCY

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 COMMAND CODES
Continued ...

SOME COMMAND CODES

COMMAND CODE DESCRIPTION

D RETRIEVE A PATH
F FIRST OCCURRENCE OF SEGMENT TYPE
L LAST OCCURRENCE OF SEGMENT TYPE
U MAINTAIN CURRENT POSITION AT THIS LEVEL
V MAINTAIN CURRENT POSITION AT THIS AND HIGHER LEVELS
N DO NOT REPLACE THIS SEGMENT
C USE A CONCATENATED KEY
P ESTABLISH PARENTAGE AT THIS LEVEL
- NULL/IGNORE

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 COMMAND CODES
Continued ...

COMMAND CODE “D”

REQUESTS DL/I TO USE PATH CALLS

ALLOWS ENTIRE PATH IN SEGMENT HIERARCHY TO BE RETRIEVED IN ONE

SINGLE CALL

FOR PROGRAMS USING PATH CALLS PROCOPT IN PSB SHOULD HAVE “P” AS
ONE OF THE VALUES

DL/I DOES NOT RETRIEVE SEGMENTS IF THE CORRESPONDING SSA DOES

NOT HAVE PATH COMMAND CODE “D”

page number 68
 COMMAND CODES
Continued ...

COMMAND CODE “D”

SEGMENT IN THE LAST SSA WILL ALWAYS BE RETRIEVED EVEN IF SSA DOES
NOT HAVE COMMAND CODE “D”

FOR ISRT CALLS COMMAND CODE “D” DESIGNATES THE FIRST SEGMENT TO
BE INSERTED

FOR ISRT CALLS SSAS FOR LOWER LEVEL SEGMENTS NEED NOT HAVE “D”
COMMAND CODE, “D” COMMAND CODE IS PROPAGATED TO ALL SPECIFIED
SEGMENTS AUTOMATICALLY

I/O AREA USED SHOULD BE BIG ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE ALL SEGMENTS

IN PATH

page number 69
 COMMAND CODES
Continued ...

PATH CALLS EXAMPLE

CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GU ‘, LS-PCB-MASK, WS-SEG-IO-AREA,

SEGMENTA*D(AKEY=1)
SEGMENTB*D(BKEY=2)
SEGMENTD*-(DKEY=5)
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTS #1, #2 & #5 WILL BE RETURNED IN I/O AREA
AKEY
1

7 11 EKEY
2 BKEY 8

6
4 10
3 5 9
DKEY
CKEY FKEY

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 COMMAND CODES
Continued ...

COMMAND CODE “F”

CALL PROCESSES FIRST OCCURRENCE OF THE SEGMENT TYPE

•EXAMPLE:

SEGMENT 2 CAN BE RETRIEVED AFTER SEGMENT 4 BY USING

CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GNP ‘ LS-PCB-MASK, WS-SEG-IO-AREA,

SEGMENTB*F

1 SEGMENTA

2 3
SEGMENTC
SEGMENTB

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 COMMAND CODES
Continued ...

COMMAND CODE “L”

CALL PROCESSES LAST OCCURRENCE OF THE SEGMENT TYPE

•EXAMPLE:

SEGMENT 4 CAN BE RETRIEVED AFTER SEGMENT 2 BY USING

CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GNP ‘ LS-PCB-MASK, WS-SEG-IO-AREA,

SEGMENTC*L

1 SEGMENTA

2 3
SEGMENTC
SEGMENTB

page number 72
 COMMAND CODES
Continued ...

COMMAND CODE “N”

USED IN REPL CALLS FOLLOWING PATH CALLS

IF ANY SEGMENT RETRIEVED DURING PATH CALL NEED NOT BE REPLACED

COMMAND CODE “N” IS USED IN SSA OF THAT SEGMENT

page number 73
 COMMAND CODES
Continued ...

COMMAND CODE “P”

IS USED TO SET PARENTAGE TO A SPECIFIC SEGMENT IN THE HIERARCHY

USED IN SSAS

EXAMPLE:
CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING ‘GU ‘ LS-PCB-MASK, WS-IO-AREA
SEGMENTA*P
SEGMENTC
WILL RETRIEVE SEGMENTC TO I/O AREA BUT PARENTAGE WILL BE SET TO
SEGMENTA

1 SEGMENTA

2 3
SEGMENTC
SEGMENTB

page number 74
 SESSION 7

DL/I CALL EXERCISE

page number 75
 DL/I CALL EXERCISE
Continued ...

COURSE
COURSE# TITLE DESCRIPN

PREREQ OFFERING
COURSE# TITLE DATE LOCATION FORMAT

TEACHER STUDENT
EMPNUM NAME EMPNUM NAME GRADE

page number 76
 DL/I CALL EXERCISE
Continued ...

GIVE SYNTAX OF DL/I CALLS FOR THE FOLLOWING SCENARIOS

1. GET THE FIRST OFFERING OCCURRENCE WHERE THE LOCATION IS
“CHENNAI”

2. GET ALL STUDENT OCCURENCES FOR THE OFFERING FOUND IN 1

3. GET ONLY STUDENT OCCURENCES WITH GRADE OF “A”

4. SEQUENTIAL READ OF ALL SEGMENTS IN THE DATABASE

page number 77
 DL/I CALL EXERCISE
Continued ...

5. GET ALL STUDENTS WITH GRADE OF “A” IN COURSE “IMS”

6. ADD A STUDENT OCCURRENCE FOR THE COURSE “IMS” OFFERED ON DATE

“3/26/02”

7. DELETE THE OFFERING OF COURSE “XYZ” ON 26 March, 2002

8. CHANGE THE LOCATION OF COURSE “IMS” OFFERED ON “3/26/02” TO

“MUMBAI”

page number 78
 DL/I CALL EXERCISE
Continued ...

9. GET THE FIRST OFFERING OCCURRENCE WHERE THE LOCATION IS

“CHENNAI”, TOGETHER WITH ITS PARENT COURSE OCCURRENCE

10. INSERT A NEW COURSE “ABC” TOGETHER WITH AN OFFERING AT CHENNAI

ON 26 March 2002, FOR WHICH TEACHER IS EMPLOYEE NUMBER 12345

11. GET THE TEACHER OF THE FIRST OFFERING ATTENDED BY STUDENT 222222

page number 79
 SESSION 8

LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS

page number 80
 LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO SEGMENTS IN TWO PHYSICALLY SEPARATE

DATABASES
CAN ALSO CONNECT TWO SEGMENTS WITHIN THE SAME DATABASE
ALLOWS APPLICATION TO HAVE DIRECT ACCESS FROM A SEGMENT IN ONE
PHYSICAL DATABASE TO A LOWER LEVEL SEGMENT IN ANOTHER PHYSICAL
DATABASE
RESULTS IN A NEW HIERARCHY- ONE THAT DOES NOT EXIST IN PHYSICAL
STORAGE BUT CAN BE PROCESSED BY APPLICATION PROGRAMS AS THOUGH
IT EXISTS
THREE TYPES OF LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
UNIDIRECTIONAL LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
BIDIRECTIONAL PHYSICALLY PAIRED LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
BIDIRECTIONAL VIRTUALLY PAIRED LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP

page number 81
 LOGICAL Continued ...
RELATIONSHIPS

Logical Parent ORDER Database

PART Database
of DETAIL
Physical Parent
PART ORDER
of DETAIL

Logical Relationship

STOCK DETAIL SHIPMENT

Logical Children Physical Children

of PART of ORDER

page number 82
 LOGICAL Continued ...
RELATIONSHIPS

PART /ORDER ORDER/PART

Logical Database Logical Database

PART ORDER

STOCK DETAIL ORDER DETAIL PART SHIPMENT

SHIPMENT STOCK

page number 83
 SESSION 9

DB RECOVERY / RESTART

page number 84
 DATABASE RECOVERY

WHY?
TO RESTORE A DATABASE AFTER ITS PARTIAL DESTRUCTION

WHEN?
A DLI BATCH UPDATE JOB FAILS AFTER MAKING AT LEAST ONE DATABASE
UPDATE
A FAILURE HAS OCCURRED ON A PHYSICAL DASD DEVICE
A FAILURE HAS OCCURRED IN A DATABASE RECOVERY UTILITY
A FAILURE OF DYNAMIC BACKOUT OR BATCH BACKOUT UTILITY HAS
OCCURRED
AN IMS ONLINE SYSTEM FAILURE AND EMERGENCY RESTART HAS NOT BEEN
COMPLETED

page number 85
 DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...

HOW?

ONLINE RECOVERY PROCESS

IMS DOES DYNAMIC BACKOUT USING THE LOG INFORMATION FOR DL/I
PROGRAMS
FOR BMP PROGRAMS UPDATES ARE AUTOMATICALLY BACKED OUT TO
THE LAST CHECKPOINT

BATCH RECOVERY PROCESS

FORWARD RECOVERY
BACKWARD RECOVERY / BATCH BACK OUT

page number 86
 DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...

UTILITIES FOR RECOVERY

DFSUDMP0:
DFSUDMP0
DATABASE IMAGE COPY UTILITY FOR CREATION OF IMAGE COPIES OF
DATABASES

DFSUCUM0:
DFSUCUM0
DATABASE CHANGE ACCUMULATION UTILITY FOR ACCUMULATION OF
DATABASE CHANGES FROM DL/I LOG TAPES SINCE THE LAST COMPLETE
IMAGE COPY

DFSURDB0:
DFSURDB0
DATABASE RECOVERY UTILITY FOR RESTORATION OF THE DATABASE,
USING A PRIOR DATABASE IMAGE COPY AND THE ACCUMULATED
CHANGES FROM DL/I LOG TAPES

DFSBBO00:
DFSBBO00
DATABASE BACK OUT UTILITY FOR REMOVAL OF CHANGES MADE TO
DATABASES BY A SPECIFIC APPLICATION PROGRAM

page number 87
 DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...

DATABASE RECOVERY CONTROL (DBRC)

DBRC INCLUDES THE IMS FUNCTIONS WHICH PROVIDE IMS SYSTEM AND
DATABASE INTEGRITY AND RESTART CAPABILITY.

DBRC RECORDS INFO IN 3 RECON VSAM DATASETS

RECON CONTAINS FOLLOWING INFORMATION

LOG DATA SET INFORMATION
DATABASE DATA SET INFORMATION
ALLOCATION OF A DATABASE
UPDATE OF A DATABASE
IMAGE COPY OF A DATABASE
ABEND OF A SUBSYSTEM
RECOVERY OF A DATABASE
REORGANIZATION OF A DATABASE

DBRC AUTHORIZES OR REFUSES TO AUTHORIZE THE DATABASES

DEPENDING ON THE CURRENT AUTHORIZATIONS AND THE ACCESS INTENT
OF THE SUBSYSTEM.

page number 88
 DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...

FORWARD RECOVERY

RESTORE MOST RECENT IMAGE COPY DATASET

CHANGES MADE TO DATABASE SINCE THE LAST IMAGE COPY ARE APPLIED
ON THE RESTORED DATABASE BY USING
CHANGE ACCUMULATION DATASETS
LOG DATASETS

page number 89
 DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...

BACKWARD RECOVERY

USES BATCH BACKOUT UTILITY TO DO A FULL BACKOUT OR BACKOUT TO

ANY PRIOR CHECKPOINT
PSB USED IS SAME AS PSB OF THE PROGRAM WHOSE EFFECTS HAVE TO
BE BACKED OUT

INPUTS
LOG DATASETS
DATABASES WHOSE UPDATES ARE TO BACKED OUT
CHECKPOINT ID
WARNING: DO NOT USE CHECKPOINT ID WHILE BACKING OUT BMP. IT
TAKES BY DEFAULT THE LAST CHECKPOINT ISSUED.

OUTPUTS
BACKED OUT DATABASES
LOG DATASETS

page number 90
 DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...

HOW DO YOU BACK OUT A NORMALLY TERMINATED PROGRAM?

BY GIVING DBRC=C IN THE JCL SHOWN BELOW

//STEP1 EXEC PGM=DFSRRC00,

// REGION=5632K,
// PARM=(DLI,&MBR,&PSB,,
// &SPIE&TEST&EXCPVR&RST,&PRLD,
// &SRCH,&CKPTID,&MON,,&FMTO,,&SWAP,
// &DBRC,&IRLM,&IRLMNM,&BKO)
//*

page number 91
 DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...

CHECKPOINT CALL (CHKP)

CHECKPOINT RESTART IS USED DURING BACKWARD RECOVERY
CHECKPOINT COMMITS PROGRAMS UPDATES TO THE DATABASE AND LOGS
THE UPDATES
TWO TYPES OF CHECKPOINTS
•BASIC CHECKPOINT
–STORES JUST CHECKPINT ID ( 8 BYTES STORED IN IO-AREA)
–SYNTAX: CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING WS-CHKP, IO-PCB, IO-AREA
•SYMBOLIC CHECKPOINT
–STORES CRITICAL DATA APART FROM CHECKPOINT ID
–MUST USE XRST FOR RESTARTING
–SYNTAX: CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING WS-CHKP,
IO-PCB, IO-AREA-LEN, IO-AREA,
IO-AREA-LEN1, IO-AREA1…

page number 92
 DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...

RESTART CALL(XRST)
USED TO RESTART A PROGRAM AFTER ABNORMAL TERMINATION
RESTART FROM
SPECIFIC CHECKPOINT ID
TIME/DATESTAMP
LAST CHECKPOINT (‘LAST’) - BMPs ONLY
MUST BE THE FIRST CALL IN THE PROGRAM
SYNTAX: CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING WS-XRST,
IO-PCB, IO-AREA-LEN, IO-AREA,
IO-AREA-LEN1, IO-AREA1…

page number 93
 DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR CHKP & XRST CALLS

ALL FILES (INCLUDING SYSIN, SYSOUT) USED BY PROGRAM SHOULD BE DL/I
(GSAM) DATABASES OTHERWISE THERE WILL BE DUPLICATE DATA OR LOSS
OF DATA
GSAM OUTPUT FILES SHOULD USE DISP=(NEW,KEEP,KEEP) FOR INITIAL RUN
AND DISP=(OLD,KEEP,KEEP) FOR RESTARTS

page number 94
 SESSION 10

EFFICIENT PROGRAMMING TIPS

page number 95
 PROGRAMMING TIPS

INSTEAD OF USING GET CALL PRECEDING A ISRT CALL USE ISRT WITH
APPROPRIATE SSA

USE QUALIFIED SSAS WHEREVER POSSIBLE

IMPLIED SSAS SHOULD BE AVOIDED EVENTHOUGH DL/I CONSTRUCTS

MISSING SSAS

MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF DL/I CALLS BY USING COMMAND CODES

USE SEARCH FIELDS IN DL/I CALLS INSTEAD OF USING IF STATEMENTS IN

COBOL PROGRAM

page number 96
 Continued ... TIPS
PROGRAMMING

TRY USING SECONDARY INDICES

DESIGN YOUR PROGRAM TO RUN IN BOTH BMP AND BATCH MODE

USE CHECKPOINT/RESTART

THERE IS ONLY A SMALL PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE GET

AND GET HOLD CALLS. SO USE GET HOLD CALLS WHENEVER THERE IS A
CHANCE ( > 5%) OF SEGMENT UPDATE/DELETE

IT IS GOOD PRACTICE TO PROGRAM FOR EASY ADJUSTMENT OF

CHECKPOINT FREQUENCY

page number 97
 SESSION 11

COMMON IMS ABENDS

page number 98
 COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0047

DESCRIPTION
ONE OF THE DBPCBS IN THE PSB FAILED TO OBTAIN THE DATABASE
AUTHORIZATION THROUGH DBRC. USUALLY OCCURS WHEN DATABASE IS UP
IN ONLINE OR DATABASE IS USED IN UPDATE MODE BY ANOTHER PROGRAM.

SOLUTION
•BRING DOWN THE DATABASE USING /DBR DB DATABASE NAME
•WAIT TILL CONTENDING JOB COMPLETES AND RESTART THE JOB

page number 99
 COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0456

DESCRIPTION
A DL/I BATCH REGION, BMP PROGRAM COULD NOT BE INITIATED BECAUSE THE
PSB HAS BEEN STOPPED OR LOCKED BY A COMMAND OR A PRIOR PROGRAM
FAILURE

SOLUTION
•ANALYZE WHY THE PSB IS LOCKED OR STOPPED. RESTART THE JOB AFTER
THE PSB HAS BEEN UNLOCKED

TO UNLOCK PSB FOR A BMP PROGRAM USE /START PROGRAM psbname

COMMAND

page number 100

 COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0476

DESCRIPTION
A DL/I CALL DOES NOT INCLUDE A VALID PCB ADDRESS

PROBABLE CAUSES
• PSB LANGUAGE TYPE SPECIFIED IS NOT SAME AS THAT OF APPLICATION
PROGRAM
• COBOL MAIN PROGRAM ENTERED AT PROCEDURE DIVISION INSTEAD OF
DLITCBL BECAUSE ENTRY DLITCBL NOT INCLUDED IN LKED
• WRONG PCB WITH FEWER PCBS THAN EXPECTED IS USED

page number 101

 COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0852

DESCRIPTION
THE SEGMENT CODE RETURNED IS NOT VALID FOR THE DATABASE

SOLUTION
ANALYZE THE DATABASE. IF THERE IS AN INVALID POINTER, RECOVER THE
DATABASE.

page number 102

 COMMON IMS ABENDS

U3303

DESCRIPTION
APPLICATION PROGRAM TRIED TO USE A DATABASE THAT WAS NOT
AVAILABLE FOR ACCESS AND/OR UPDATE. DFS3303I MESSAGE ACCOMPANIES
THIS ABEND

SOLUTION
CHECK THE STATUS OF DATABASE GIVEN IN DFS3303I MESSAGE USING
/DISPLAY DB database name
IF DATABASE IS DOWN START THE DATABASE USING THE COMMAND
/START DB database name

page number 103