08.12.21 ChE-332 FUND.& APP. OF ION EXCHANGE TECH.

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 CONTENTS

 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT

DRINKING WATER
 DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS
 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
 ION EXCHANGE
 WATER SOFTENING
 WATER DEIONIZING
 ION EXCHANGE RESINS
 DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
 HEALTH EFFECTS
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WHAT IS DRINKING WATER?
Drinking water is water that is safe
for humans to drink
to use for other domestic purposes, such as
cooking, washing up, bathing and showering.
Drinking water is so important for good
health. Our body is estimated to be about 60
to 70 percent water. Our body needs water to
regulate body temperature and to provide the
means for nutrients to travel to all organs.
Water also transports oxygen to cells,
removes waste, and protects joints and organs.

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 WHERE DOES DRINKING WATER
COME FROM?

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 Water Types

 Surface water
 All water, fresh and salt, that is direct contact
with the atmosphere. Oceans, rivers and lakes
are all sources of surface water.

 Groundwater
 Water found below the Earth’s surface in
geological reservoirs known as aquifers.
Groundwater flows out of the ground naturally
in springs and seeps, and can also be pumped out
by wells.

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DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS
Types of impurities in water are:

•Arsenic
•Bacteria
•Lead
•Nitrate
•Organic Pollution
•Tastes and odours
•Hardness
•Disinfectants

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Drinking water contaminants which are
treated by ion exchange
Contaminant Possible cause of Solutions
problem
Arsenic Naturally occurring in water Reverse osmosis; ion
in some areas exchange
Nitrate Well not sealed; faulty Remove source of
septic system; animal waste; nitrate; distillation;
fertilizers reverse osmosis; anion
exchange
Bad odor, color, Variety of sources Ion exchange;
taste activated carbon filter;
chlorination
Hardness Naturally occurring minerals Ion exchange
in water
Disinfectants Water additive used to Ion exchange
control microbes
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Categorizing Hardness

Worded Description Sanitary Engineers Water Conditioning

(mg/L as CaCO3) Industry (mg/L as
CaCO3)
soft water 0-75 0-50

somewhat hard water 76 to 150 51-100

hard water 151 to 300 101-150

very hard water 301 and up 151 and up

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DRINKING WATER TREATMENT

• FLOCCULATION/SEDIMENTATION
• FILTRATION
• ION EXCHANGE
•ADSORPTION
• DISINFECTION
(CHLORINATION)

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 WHAT IS ION EXCHANGE?
Ion exchange is a technology used for the treatment of
groundwater, surface water and leachate.
The ion exchange process consists of at least three steps:
 Adsorption or loading: Contaminated water is pumped
through the system where exchange takes place.
 Regeneration: A regenerant solution is used to displace
the contaminant ions that are adsorbed on the exchange
resin.
 Rinse: To extend the life of the exchange resin and to
ensure proper flow characteristics before the next
adsorption cycle.

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• The two widely used applications of ion exchange:

1) The removal of hardness ions (softening) from

domestic and industrial waters
Groundwater dissolves rocks and minerals releasing
calcium and magnesium ions that cause water to be hard.
These dissolved ions give hard water its characteristics.

2) Complete demineralization of waters for industrial

purposes
In its more general form, IE for both + and - can also
be called deionization. Deionization is used for medical and
industrial situations requiring very pure water.
Deionization is not necessarily for drinking water
treatment, and would produce very flat tasting water.

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Types of ion exchange process:

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Water Softening

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Ion Exchange (Water Softener)
Treats hard water (calcium and magnesium)
Removes barium, radium, dissolved iron, manganese
Removes some bad odors, colors and tastes
Anion exchange unit can remove nitrate, fluoride

Advantages Disadvantages

cleaner, softer feeling Softened water is not recommended

clothes for watering house plants and gardens
due to its sodium content
longer life of appliances reduce the effectiveness of small
including washing machine, septic or sewer systems
dishwasher, and water heater
less use of household there may be health risks from
cleaning products, such as sodium intake
detergents
reduction
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of water spotting softened water is not recommended15
for steam irons or evaporative coolers
Water Deionizers
use both Cation and Anion Exchange to exchange both positive
and negative ions with H+ or OH- ions respectively, leading to
completely demineralized water.

Deionizers do not remove uncharged compounds from water, and

are often used in the final purification stages of producing
completely pure water for medical, research, and industrial
needs.

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Deionization

Advantages Disadvantages

Removes dissolved Does not effectively

inorganics effectively remove particles, pyrogens
or bacteria.
Regenerable (service DI beds can generate resin
deionization) particles and culture
bacteria
Relatively inexpensive High operating costs over
initial capital investment long-term

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ION EXCHANGE RESIN
 An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is an
insoluble matrix normally in the form of small (1-2
mm diameter) beads, usually white or yellowish,
fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.

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Resin Types
o Ion exchange resins are classified as cation
exchangers, which have positively charged mobile ions
available for exchange, and anion exchangers, whose
exchangeable ions are negatively charged. Both anion
and cation resins are produced from the same basic
organic polymers.

Cation-Exchangers
oStrong acid
oWeak acid
Anion-Exchangers
oStrong Base
oWeak Base
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Strong Acid Exchangers
 Can convert neutral salts into their corresponding acids
NaCl + R-H HCl + R-Na
Weak Acid Exchangers
 Posses carboxylic acid groups as the functional species
Strong Base Exchangers
 Are less stable than strong acid resins
R--NH3OH+ HCl -> R-NH3Cl + HOH
Weak Base Exchangers
 Behave much like their weak acid counterparts
 Can be regenerated with NaOH, NH4OH or Na2CO3

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 DRINKING WATER STANDARDS

Turkish World Health USA environment

Standards TSE Organization protection(EPA)

Arsenic(mg/l) 0.05 0.01 0.05

Fluoride(mg/l) 1.5 1.5 0.7-2.4
Mercury(mg/l) 0 0 0
Nitrate(mg/l) 50 50 45
Chloride(mg/l) 600 250 250
Color(Degree)(mg/l) 20 15 15
Smell value(mg/l) 3

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 Turkish World Health USA environment
Standards TSE Organization protection(EPA)

pH(mg/l) 6.5-9.2 6.5-8.8 6.5-8.5

Copper(mg/l) 3 1
Detergents(mg/l) 0.2 0.5
Sulphate(mg/l) 250 250 250
Calcium(mg/l) 200
Hardness, 500
CaCO3(mg/l)
Magnesium(mg/l) 50
Potassium(mg/l) 12
Sodium(mg/l) 175 200

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 HEALTH EFFECTS
Microorganisms:
Viruses (Gastrointestinal illness)
Disinfection Byproducts:
Bromate (increases risk of cancer)
Chlorite (Anemia; infants&young children, nervous system effects)
Disinfectants:
Chlorine (Eye/nose irritatition; stomach discomfort, cancer)
Inorganic Chemicals:
Copper (liver and kidney damage)
Cadmium (kidney effects)
Arsenic (risk of cancer and skin damage)
Fluoride (bone disease)
Nitrate (Shortness of breath and Blue Baby syndrome)
Organic Chemicals:
Dioxin (Reproductive difficulties; increase risk of cancer )
Toluene (Nervous system, kidney or liver problems)
Radionuclides
Uranium
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(increases risk of cancer, kidney toxicity) 23
 I HAVE TALKED ABOUT

DRINKING WATER
ION EXCHANGE
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
HEALTH EFFECTS

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