Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BAA1312 &DAA1312
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to:
-Enhance basic knowledge of concrete, pre-cast concrete and its behavior.
-Practice the important concrete tests
• -To know more about the things that should be taken in consideration for the construction
using steel and other materials.
ATTENDANCE
Students must attend 100% of the classes. Students will be barred from
taking / sitting for their final examination should they fail to attend classes without
valid reason or given permission.
Before assessing the suitability of any one material for given situation, the performance requirements for that
situation must identified. Such requirements might include:
•Structural safety – the ability to withstand stresses resulting from gravity, wind, thermal or moisture
movement, or other sources.
•Health/safety – there should be no risk to health due to chemical or physical effect of the material both during
and after construction.
•Fire – the material must behave acceptable in resisting fire spread, release of dangerous substances in fire and
retaining satisfactory structural stability
•Durability – the material should fulfils the above performance criteria as required for the planned lifetime of the
building
In addition to the above performance requirements of materials within the finished building, the following might
also have to considered:
•Availability/cost
•Ease with which material can be incorporated into the building (buildability)
•Environmental aspect – for example, energy demand of the material during manufacture and ability to conserve
energy in use.
Introduction
resh concrete shrinks when drying & hardened while it expands when it is wet.
oncrete is not entirely impervious to moisture & contains soluble salts, which
may cause efflorescence.
Introduction
2 Categories of Cement
Hydraulic Cement
Would set & hardened under water
Can be classified to 3 kind of cement that is:
1) Natural Cement
2) Portland Cement
3) Aluminous Cement
Cement Grout
- A mixture of cement & water
Cement Mortar
- A mixture of cement & sand & water to form a paste.
Cement concrete
- A composite product which is obtained by mixing of cement,
water, inert matrix of sand and gravel / crushed stone.
CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT
Made by mixing substances containing Calcium Carbonate such as chalk /
limestone,
with substances containing silica , alumina and iron oxide such as clay/ shale.
•Clay/shale:
SiO2 Silica (silicon oxide) abbreviated S
Fe203 Ferrite (iron oxide) abbreviated F
Al203 Alumina (aluminium oxide) abbreviated A
•Limestone/chalk
CaC03 Calcium carbonate abbreviated C
a) Chemical Composition
C3S
C2S
C3A
ht gnert S
C4AF
Time
b) Fineness
C3A Hydration
Time
d) Setting time
he time from the addition of water to the initial & final setting stage.
lso refers to time of changes of the cement paste from a liquid to a rigid stage.
he setting process is accompanied by the temperature changes, hydration resolves in the formation
of the gel around each parties of cement.
he means of controlling the rate at which cement stiffened by intergrinding a measured quantities of
gypsum
nitial Setting
CHARACTERISTIC
Must clean & durable & Free from organic impurities & dust (WHY?)
Coz it may prevent the cement paste from coating the aggregate properly
Fine Aggregates
natural sand crushed rock crushed gravel that pass 5mm Bs Sieve dry
All in
20mm forAggregate
general work
mixture
100 – 150of mm
coarse
for& finereinforced
large aggregate pours
either as extracted / delivered
Graded Aggregates
not allowed
natural agg.
for structural
consist ofpurposes
different size of stones randomly mixed.
ADMIXTURE
- Materials other than cement, water & aggregates
- Added to the concrete mix to modify & to improve one/ more
specific properties of concrete
PURPOSE OF ADMIXTURE?
To aid curing
To retard setting
COMMONLY USED ADMIXTURE (TYPE)
Accelarator
-by adding to a hydraulic binder , gives very high workability and allows a
large decrease in water content for a given workability.
- used in hot weather to reduce any premature stiffening of the concrete &
consequent loss of workability.